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WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF 

The Bureau oe Immigration 

OF THE 

TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 



OFFICERS AND MEMBERS: 

GRANVILLE PENDLETON. Presikent. Aztec. ALFRED GRONSFELD, Ar,Br'QrEBOt)iC. 

■W. B. BUNKER, ViOE President, Las Vegas. W. E. LINDSBV, PORTALES. 

J. W. BIBLE, Tre.\svrer. Hanoveb. RAMON ARMIJO, Socorro. 

MAX. FROST, SErRETARv. Santa Fe. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE 



A Handbook of the Resources, Products, 
Industries and Climate of New Mexico. 



.«&. 




W 



Published under and by Authority of 
NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION. 



Compiled and Edited by 
MAX. FROST and PAUL A. F. WALTER. 



SANTA FE, N. M.: 

NEW MEXICAN PRINTING COMPANY 
1906. 



f' 



D 



^r 



Members ancl Officers of the New JTIexica 
Bureau of Immigration. 



Granville Pendleton, President, Aztec 
W. B. Bunker, Vice President, Las Veg-as 



J. W. Bible, Treasurer, 
Alfred Grunsfbld, 
W. E. Lindsey, 
Ramon Armijo, 



Max. Frost, Secretary, 



Hanover 

Albuquerque 

Portales 

Socorro 

Santa Fe 



APR 14 1906 



a 



4j J 



PREFACE. 

The first edition of six thousand opies of ''The Land of Sun- 
shine" met with so favorable a reception that it was exhausted in 
less than one year from the date of its issue. Eequests for additional 
copies are being received in constantly increasing numbers, and 
therefore the Bureau of Immigration of the Territory of New 
Mexico has authorized the printing of a second revised and en- 
larged edition of this Handbook which is in great demand, especially 
by those who are seeking locations for settlement in the Southwest, 
but desire before leaving the old home to learn as much as possible 
about the advantages, and the drawbacks, if any, of the Land of 
Sunshine. The railroad companies of the Southwest have recog- 
nized the value of this volume as a medium to draw immigration 
as well as tourists to New Mexico, and have made request for as 
large a number for distribution by them as can be furnished by the 
Bureau. However, it is in answer to the many questions which are 
being asked daily and that are submitted by anxious inquirers to 
the Bureau of Immigration, that this manual was prepai.'ed, and it 
seeks to present in an interesting, yet conservative manner, by text 
and by picture, an accurate and complete survey of the physical 
characteristics and of every phase and branch of activity and ad- 
vancement of the Territory of New Mexico. Considerable more 
space is" given in this new edition to the mining industry and the 
latest official information and statistics systematically classified are 
embodied in the work in order to make the book more valuable for 
reference. About two hundred full-page pictures, reproductions 
of recent photographs, tell a graphic story of the growth and pres- 
ent-day conditions in every part of this great domain, and testify 
that the text accompanying them is free from exaggeration and 
misstatements even where it speaks Avith glowing enthusiasm of 
New Mexico's manifold attractions. 

The Authors. 

Santa Fe, Januarv 1, 1906. 



PART I. 

A LAND OF OPPORTUNITIES. 

Xew Mexico is a land of opportunities. The major part of its 
wealth is latent, the bulk of its natural resources is undeveloped. 
There are three hundred acres of land to each inhabitant, and only 
•one acre out of every three hundred is under cultivation. Few of 
the almost three himdred mihiiig districts have been thoroughly 
prospected, much less systematically developed. Manufacturing 
industries are in their infancy and have but begun to utilize the 
water power and the immense stores of fuel and of ruAv material 
that destine the Territory for a manufacturing commonwealth. 

For the Capitalist. 

Capital is invited, for money is a prime requisite 'nowadays for 
the development of resources. Good returns upon carefully invested 
capital are certain in a greater measure than in any other part of 
the Union, not excepting the Philippines or Porto Rico. 

For the Manufacturer. 

Manufacturers are needed to make use of the raw material that 
Sew Mexico can and does furnish in large quantities. It has 
grazing upon its thousand hills six million sheep of improved 
grades, therefore it produces the raw material for many woolen 
mills. At present it ships its wool, half of it without being scoured, 
almost 3,000 miles to the large dealers, who transport it again to 
the scouring plants and woolen mills along the Atlantic seaboard, 
which in turn ship considerable of their product to New Mexico or 
through Kew Mexico to Mexico, the Pacific Coast and the Orient. 
By scouring and manufacturing the wool into yarn and- cloth in 
iSTew Mexico, for which every facility and advantage exist, more 
than five thousand miles of transportation can be saved, as well as 
insurance in transit, the profits of middlemen and other incidentals 
and losses that are inevitable in the process of manufacturing sev- 
eral thousand miles from the base of supplies and from the markets 
to be supplied. Thus in other industries. The Territory has 
1,000.000 cattle and 250.000 goats; canaigre is a native plant; 
therefore here is produced the raw material for scores of tanneries, 
shoe and glove factories and allied industries. The people use 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 9 

over a million pairs of shoes and boots, fifty thousand pairs 
of gloves, twenty thousand sets of harness and other leather 
products aniiually, and many freight oars filled with 
these pass through the Territory from the east to Mexico, 
Arizona, California and the Orient. The best sugar beets in the world 
are raised within the borders of New Mexico, and the inducements 
for beet-sugar factories are worthy of consideration by investors. 
The rubber plant is indigenous and mineral products are of such 
extent and variety that industries that need them for raw material, 
or incidentally in the process of manufacture, will find in this part 
of the United States a location much more favorable than most of 
the eastern manufacturing centers. There exist large deposits of 
iron ore, fluxing material and fuel for furnaces, steel mills and 
smelters, and there are but few branches of manufacture which 
could not be established with profit in this part of the Southwest. 
Besides the raw material there are offered the water power, the 
fuel, the cheap labor, special inducements such as exemption from 
taxation for the first five years and a low assessment thereafter, 
favorable legislatioin, cheap building sites, railroad facilities, free- 
dom from excessive competition, the increasing home demand of a 
growing commonwealth of vast resources and proximity to the mar- 
kets of Mexico and the Orient. 

For the Husbandman. 

Farmers are urged to come to till the fertile soil under the most 
favorable conditions, and with home markets that pay better prices 
than can be obtained anywhere else. Only a quarter of a million 
of acres are under cultivation, and most of these oinly in forage 
plants or in products that demand little attention ; four times that 
area is immediately available for agricultural purposes. Not one- 
half of the flowing water is utilized, and not one-fiftieth of the 
flood water is stored. There are undeveloped possibilities of 
farming by the Campbell or dry-soil method. New Mexico raises 
the finest fruit in the world and every other crop that cam be pro- 
duced an3'where in the temperate zone. Yet, it imports annually 
millions of dollars' worth of fiour, alfalfa, hay, potatoes, fruit, 
garden produce, poultry, eggs, butter, cheese, honey, beef, pork and 
other products of the farm and dairy that it can and should raise 
at home. Free lands, the finest climate in the world, irrigation, 
churches, schools, railroad facilifies, home markets, good prices 
and extensive range, are all factors which help to make the life of 
the farmer and stock grower in New Mexico pleasant and pros- 
perous. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 11 

' ';:•■*-■-/:>:' For -the Miner. 

A great field for the miner ! Xe^v Mexico lies in the same mineral 
zone, as Colorado, with the difference that Colorado has been well 
prospected, while in Xew Mexico, although mining is an old in- 
dustn', there are man}- virgin mineral districts and even the oldest 
mining sections have been incompletely })rospected aind but little 
developed. To the west are situated the bonanza copper mines 
of Arizona and to the south the rich mining districts of Chihuahua 
and Sonora and other Mexican states. It stands to reason, that 
hemmed in on three sides ]>v the richest mining sections of the 
Xorth American continent, and traversed by the same mountain 
system, that Xew Mexico will make as many fortunes for pros- 
pectors and miners as have the mines of Colorado, Arizona and 
Mexico. 

For the Business IVIan. 

The businessmen of Xew Mexico have most of them come from 
the east and it seems that, ^yithout exception, they have done ex- 
ceedingly well. There is probably 'no other commonwealth which 
has recorded so few failures during the past decade, and in but few 
other sections have so many merchants risen from a small beginning 
to affluence. Good businessmen with capital will find many an 
opening in their line in the older towins as well as in the growing 
new settlements. Hotels, private sanitariums, steam laundries and 
other branches of business are among the immediate wants of Xew 
Mexico towns. 

For Meclianics. 

While Xew Mexico is no manufacturing commonwealth, yet 
mechanics are needed in the building trades, i'n the coal mines, in 
the railroad shops, or to go into business for themselves on a small 
scale. There is promise for such of good wages as well as oppor- 
tunities to be independent, as are seldom presented in the crowded 
centers of population. For the unskilled laborer, however, the 
Territory offers no inducement in his line, for it sends cheap labor 
into the coak camps of Colorado, into the sugar-beet fields of that 
state, and furnishes it to the railroads in Arizona and California. 
The native people of Mexican or Spanish decent, as well as the 
Pueblos and other Indians, make excellent day laborers, with whom 
the eastern laborer will find it difficult to compete. The Territory 
supplies its own sheep herders, cowboys, farm hands and teamsters. 
The laboring man who has accumulated a few hundred dollars and 
wants to better bis condition, will find opportunities to buy farming 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. Id 

land cheaply, or to branch out for himself along other lines than 
those by which he formerly gained a living. There is also an almost 
always existing opportunity to find employment at good wages in 
railroad construction and lumber camps. 

For Clerks and Professional Men. 

Positions are open for good bookkeepers, stenographers, clerks, 
teachers and journalists. But those who must depend upon finding 
such employment had better communicate with business firms or 
advertise for positions before leaving their present homes, and 
should, if possible, acquaint themselves with the Spanish language 
before coming, although this is not absolutely necessary; it is merely 
a help. First-class professional men are likely to succeed in the 
larger towns or to build up a good practice and influence in the 
more thickly populated country districts. 

For the Health Seeker. 

Healthseekers are invited. New Mexico does not intend to shut 
the door upon them. Physicians the world over recognize that its 
climate offers the best, and in most circumstances the only condi- 
tions under which those suffering from liDng, throat and nervous 
trouble can be cured. California's climate is good, Coloi ado's and 
Arizona's climates are better, but New Mexico's climate is best of 
all, both from the standpoint of comfort and salubrity. No- 
where else, according to official reports of the United States Weather 
Bureau, is there such a high per cent of sunshine, year in and year 
out, combined with rarity and dryness of atmosphere, low range of 
temperature, cool summers and mild winters. The United States 
has put the stamp of its approval upon New Mexico's climate by 
■ establishing here its only two sanitariums for the cure of consump- 
tion, one under the Marine Hospital Service at Fort Stanton and 
the other, the Army and Navy Hospital, at Fort Bayard. The great 
Fraternal Sanitarium for the cure of tuberculosis has been located 
by the united fraternities of America at Las Vegas Hot Springs 
for the same reason. The stories of the cures that have been effected 
at the first two mentioned hospitals are now part of the official 
records of the government, and can be consulted by those who still 
doubt the testimony of the thousands who have found health and 
have been virtually snatched from the brink of the grave by the 
sunshine and bracing atmosphere of the Sunshine Territor}-. Ample 
accommodations are to be found at tent cities, hotels, sanitariums 
and homes in the larger towns, as well as in the smaller settlements : 
also at the various hot springs, which last named are gaining well- 




AMONG THE ASPENS ON THE SCENIC HIGHWAY, NEAR SANTA FE. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 15 

deserved renown for their potent medicinal virtues. Those who 
desire to do their own housekeeping, or to live in tents of their own, 
can do so as cheaply in the. Rock}' Mountains as they can in the 
Alleghenies or the Adirondacks. 

For the Tourist. 

New Mexico extends the g-lad hand to the tourist. It will givt; 
him his money's w^orth, he he interested in scenery, in ethnology, in 
romance, in history, in the quaint, in the picturesque, or in the 
sublime. Superb mountain scenery, deep canons, snowclad peaks, 
difficult mountain trails, min,ir:g camps, picturesque and pretty val- 
leys, historic spots by the score and ruins of prehistoric origin by 
the thousand ! It is the land of 'the Cliff Dwellers, the Pueblos, the 
Navajos, the Apaches, of the Indian dances, of the Conquistadores 
a'nd their descendants, of mission churches antedating by centuries 
those of California, of towns, buildings and monuments older tlian 
the most ancient in any other part of the United States ; of scenery 
grand and unique. To the sportsman it offers bear, mountain lion 
and lesser game, trout, bass and other fish, and to those who love 
to trod quiet and forsaken by-ways of nature or of history, or who 
seek rest in deep forest or along babbling brooks, there is no more 
attractive region than that of this old and yet 'new land. 



PART II. 



A LESSON IN GEOGRAPHY. 



Xew Mexico invites metaphors, it compels superlatives. Bathed 
in sunshine, swept by the cool winds of the mountains, endowed 
with untold mineral wealth, colored with the hues of the sunset and 
hallowed by the romance of the Cliff Dwellers, the Pueblos, the 
Conquistadores and the Fraaciscans, it shines brilliantly and with 
a color all its own, in the galaxy of the stars of the Union. The 
Land of Sunshine, one talented author calls it, and New Mexico 
has adopted and learned to love that name. The Land of Poco 
Tiempo, a name now outgrown. The Land of Sunsliine, Silence 
and Adobe, now no longer strictly true. The Land of the Turquoise 
Skj', beautiful and expressive ; the Land of the Conquistadores ; the 
Land of the Pueblo Pyramids; the Land of tlie Sun King, and 
many more have been the attempts to coin a distinctive phrase to 
characterize the vivid impression that New Mexico's climatological, 
physical and ethnological characteristics make upon the visitor. 
"The Sun Land of Promise, Romance and Health," though not 
quite so euphonious as some of the above, comes, perhaps, closer 
than those cited in summarizing what gives the Territory its dis- 
tinctive atmosphere and color. But there are volumes of romance, 
of history, of scenic beauties, of climate, of natural wealth, of 
progress, that can be written in addition to those that have been 
published with New Mexico, its people and their traditions as their 
subjects. But after all has been said, the fact remains, that its cli- 
mate, its sunshine, its history and its resources, set the Territory 
apart from other commonwealths; that directly or indirectly in- 
fluence all. its industries, all its activities, its very nature. Nowhere 
else in the world is there found a more perfect climate, and but few 
sections can boast of a climate as good. It is not only a lovely day 
now and then, not only a fine summer or a pleasant winter, but 
a perfect all-the-year-around climate that is making New Mexico 
the sanitarium of the world, the refuge of those stricken by one 
or the other of the many forms of lung, throat and nervous troubles, 
borne constantly in mind when reading of New Mexico's resources, 
developed and undeveloped we'alth, and its manifold industries, as 
thev are brieflv outlined in this volum^. 




FALLS OF THE NAMBE, NORTH OF SANTA FE. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 19 



Location and Area. 



Xew Mexico covers an area of 122.469 square miles upon the 
southeastern portion of the Rofky Mountain phiteau in the United 
States. This is an area greater than tlie Ki'iigdom of Italy and of 
any state in the Union, excepting Texas, California and Mon- 
tana. It is situated between the parallels of 31 and 37 degrees 
north and the meridians of 103 and 109 degrees west. It is there- 
fore in the south temperate zone, but its diversity of altitude from 
less than 2,900 feet to over 14,000 feet, gives it every variety of cli- 
mate, except that sunshine and dryness of atmosphere are nearly 
the same at the lowest as at the highest points. The Territory is 
divided into twenty-fivo counties. Its chief executive, secretary 
and district judges are appointed by the President of the 
United States, its legislation is subject to the ap])roval of Congress 
and must conform to the Organic Act enacted l)y tlie Congress of 
the United States, but otherwise the Territory governs itself, elects 
its own legislature, its own county and municipal officers, maintains 
its own institutions, manages its own finances and regulates its own 
internal afPairs. 

History. 

In less than fifty years aftt'r the discovery of America by Colum- 
bus, the Spaniards visited and began to occupy that part of the 
United States now known as Xew ^lexico. The conquest and 
Christianization of the Piiyblo Indians began before the dawn of 
the seventeenth century and several decades before tlie first perma- 
nent settlements by the English on the Atlantic Coast. In 1680, 
the Pueblo Indians succeeded in driving the Spaniards from this 
then Spanish province, but in 1692 Xew Mexico was reconquered 
by the Spaniards. When ]\Iexico threw off the yoke of Spain, Xew 
Mexico became part of the new republic and shared its vicissitudes 
until the United States took ])ossession in 1846, durimg the war 
with Mexico. Through the (xadsden purchase, the southern portion 
of the Territory was acquired by the United States from Mexico. 
It is only since the coming of the railroads, a quarter of a century 
ago, that the Territory has attracted immigration and has taken a 
position among the progressive and prosperous commonwealths of 
the Union. Such is a brief outline of a history of three hundred 
years, that teem with romance, with wars with mighty deeds, with 
heroic self-sacrifice and with thrilling episodes in comparison with 
which the history of Massachusetts, Virginia or even Kentucky 
appears tame. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 21 

Population. 

New Mexico today has 300,000 people within its boundaries. 
Less than one-half of these are of Spanish, Mexican and Indian 
descent, most of these people using the Spanish language in prefer- 
ence to English, although a steadily growing per cent is as well 
able to converse in English as in Spanish. A few more decades 
will witness the complete amalgamation of the native people, both 
as to language and as to customs, with the 'new comers of Anglo- 
Saxon origin. In 1850, when the Territory was organized, although 
it then included what is now Arizona and part of southern Colorado, 
its population was only 61,547. In 1860 it was 93,516. In 1870, 
when New Mexico had contracted into its present boundaries, the 
population was only 91,874. In 1880 it was 119,565, and it was 
the coming of the railroads about that time, that has almost 
trebled the population of the Territory since 1880, each decade 
showing a larger per cent of increase in population than did the 
rest of the United States. In 1890 the population was 153,593 ; in 
1900 it was 195,310, and in 1905 it was 300,000. 

But it is not only in population that New Mexico has progressed 
during the past twenty-five years. A public school system has been 
established and is being maintained liberally, its city schools com- 
paring favorably with those of eastern cities of much larger popu- 
lation, rinanciall}^, the Territory is in excellent condition, for 
despite a low rate of assessment, its income is not only sufficient to 
pay all obligations as they fall due, to support fifteen territorial 
institutions, and to aid many quasi-territorial charitable institu- 
tions, but also to pay ofE bonded indebtedness and to accumulate a 
large sinking fund. The cities and towns are progressive and the 
idea that the Territory is upon the ragged edge of civilization is 
entirely erroneous, for civilization is older in New Mexico than in 
any other part of the United States. Every settlement has its 
church and its school house, and social organizations and fraterni- 
ties were organized in the centers of population as long as fifty 
years ago, the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges at Santa Fe, for 
instance, having both celebrated their semi-centennial, and are 
older than any other lodges west of the Missouri River, except the 
Masonic lodge in Salem, Orego'n. 

Progress. 

Irrigation enterprises, a network of railroads, colleges, acade- 
mies, high schools, territorial institutions of learning and of char- 
ity, sanitariums, all testify to a spirit that aims to keep abreast 
with the times. The larger towns have electric light works, two of 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 23 

the cities have electric street railways, all of the larger towns have 
water works, four of the cities have free delivery of mail, rural mail 
routes have heen estahlished, the Territor}^ has entered upon a pro- 
gram of good road l)uilding, and on every side there are evidences 
of civic s])irit and pride manifested in beautiful homes, prosperous 
farms and progress along every line of public and private activity. 
A description of each -county and of the larger towns is reserved 
for the concludiiiig chapters of this volume. 

Physical Features. 

Xew Mexico is part of the roof of the continent. From one side 
of this roof the waters flow into the Atlantic, and from the other 
into the Pacific. The roof not only slopes to the east and to the 
west, but also from the north to the south, there being a difference 
of 3,000 feet in the average altitude of its northern and of its 
southern boundaries. The ridge of the roof which traverses the 
western part of New Mexico varies in altitude from 4,000 to over 
13,000 feet. From this ridge branch off at right angles or run 
almost parallel to it, many majestic mountain ranges, extensive 
foothills and table lands cut by canons and arroyos or hiding be- 
tween their slopes valleys of great fertility and beauty. 

The mountains, though locally and geographically designated by 
various names, are all a ])art of the Eocky Mountain system, whose 
backbone in the northern part is the Sangre de Cristo range, the 
Alps of the Southwest, lofty and massive, over a score of its peaks 
rising to an altitude of from r2,000 to above 13,000 feet. It ex- 
tends from the Colorado line through Taos, C^olfax, Mora and San 
]\Iiguel, i'nto Santa Fe County, and from its wooded peaks and 
flanks flow the streams that water the fertile Santa Fe, Fspanola, 
Taos, Mora, Cimarron and other valleys. The Culebra, the Taos, 
the Picuris, the Cimarron, the Pecos, the Glorieta and the Santa 
Fe ranges are part of this beautiful mountain system, and the 
Cochiti, the Jemez, the Valles, the San Mateo and the Zuni moun- 
tains, a little northwest of the center of tlie Territory, may be con- 
sidered a continuation of it. As the middle of the Territory is 
gained, going southeast, the" mountain ranges are more disconnected 
and less lofty, althougli still massive. Here the Sandia, the Ortiz, 
the San Pedro, the San Tsidro, the Manzanos, the C4allinas and the 
Jicarillas are names for mountains, some of them rich in mineral 
wealth and others well timl)ered to their jagged summits. 

Farther south, four distinct ranges, broken of course, can be 
traced, their axes all convcrafing, apparently towards the center. 
The eastern bra'nch is the loftiest and is known as the White Moun- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 25 

tains, rising to an altitude of almost 12,000 feet. Continuing 
toward the south it is called ihe Sacramento Eange, while the Gua- 
dalupes in the far southeast are an apparent extension. The second 
branch is also east of the Eio Grande, commencing as the Oscuro 
range and continuing southward as the San Andreas and Organ 
mountains and terminating in the Franklin range. The third 
branch consists of the :\Iagdalenas, the San Mateo Mountains, the 
San Cristobal, the Caballos and the Black Eange ; while the most 
western branch consists of the Datils and the San Francisco, Tula- 
rosa and Mogollon ranges, extending into the Burro Mountains in 
Grant County. Besides these, there are many apparently independ- 
ent mountain groups and ranges, such as the Floridas, the Cooks 
range, the Las Animas hills, the Ladrones, the Peloncillo, and 
others, whose geographical appellations are hardly of interest to 
the general reader, and whose importaince to the Territory is only 
as to the extent of their watersheds and the direction they give to 
the flowing streams, and their mineral wealth. 

A list of the better known peaks of 10,000 or more feet in alti- 
tude is as follows : Truchas Peaks, 13,306, 13,275 and 13,150 feet ; 
Taos Mountain, 13,145; Jicarilla Peak (Pecos), 12,944; Cone 
Peak, 12,690; Costilla Peak, 12,634; Santa Fe Baldv, 12,623; 
Pecos Baldy, 12,500; Elizabeth Baldy, 12,491; Sierra Mosca, 12,- 
400; Lake Peak, 12,380: Sierra Blanca, 11,800; Santa Clara. 
11,507; Bassets Peak, 11,500; Elk Mountain,' 11,500; Mount 
Taylor, 11,389; Thomas Mountain, 11,275; Pelade Peak, 
11,260; Abiquiu Peak, 11,240; Eound Mountain, 11,000; 
Agua Fria Peak, 10,965; San Antonio Peak, 10,833; 
Mount Magdalena, 10,798; IJnited States Mountain, ' 10,- 
734; Sandia Mountain, 10,609; Chaperito Mountain, 10,600; New 
York Mountain, 10,594; Thompson Peak, 10,546; Osha Peak, 
10,223; Hermit's Peak, 10,200; Ute Peak, 10,151; Manzano Peak, 
10,086; Mimbres Peak, 10,061; Nacimiento Peak^ 10,045; Mount 
Capitan, 10,023; Grass Mountain, 10,000. On the Pecos Forest 
Eeserve alone, an area less than 700 square miles, there are mapped 
three peaks exceeding 13,000 feet in height, ten between 12,000 am'd 
13,000; twelve between 11,000 and 12,000, and seven between 
10,000 and 11.000 feet, or thirty-two peaks in all, whose altitude 
exceeds 10,000 feet, while there are a hundred or more peaks higher 
than any mountains east of the Mississippi. 

The elevation of the principal passes is as follows; Costilla 
Pass, 10,188; Cumbres or Toltec Pass, 9,622; Taos Pass, 9,353; 
Volcano Pass, 8.871;^ Eaton Pass, 7,623; Glorieta Pass, 7,432; 
Capitan Pass, 7,398 ;'Pedernal Pass, 7.181; Mora Canon. 6,528; 




VERTICAL SECTION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST IN 
NEW MEXICO. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 27 

Emery Gap, 6,46'-^; tJppt^i' -^'jo Pass, 0,431; Tijeras Pass, 6,314; 
San Augustioe Pass, 5,094 ; Organ Pass, 5,407 ; Magdalena Pass, 
4,755; Florida Pass, 4,000. The lowest points in New Mexico are 
Eed Bluff, on the: southeastern houndary, 2,877 feet; Carlsbad, 
3,123; Eoswell, 3,505; Anthony, 3,789; Las Cruces, 3,888, and 
Dona Ana, 3,910 feet, the elevation even of these, however, exceed- 
ing one half mile. 

Geology. 

Although the systematic study of the geology of Xew Mexico 
has been thus far neither comprehensive nor thorough, a general 
view of the principal formations has been gained. From both a 
mining and a scientific standpoint, the rocks of Xew Mexico are of 
exceptional interest. In fact, erosion has exposed the geologic for- 
mations at ma«y points, so that they may be read even b}' the 
casual observer, and it seems that there are but few places in the 
United States where the study of geology and mineralogy can be 
pursued under as favorable conditions. The escarp of the Sandia 
Mountains, for instance, which faces the Eio Grande, exposes fully 
5,000 feet of its formations and is classic in that respect. West 
of Mount Taylor, toward the Zuni Reservation, erosion has had 
a gigantic playground, and nowhere else in the world, geologists 
say, has the tooth of time, wind and water played such fantasies. 
The wide range of geologic formations represented, the large and 
diversified deposits of ores and other mineral values which these 
formations are known to contain, aaid the fact that the mineral 
wealth of the region has been exploited upon a small scale only, all 
go to make Xew Mexi<^o a very interesting field to the geologist, 
the mining curgineer, the expert, the prospector, the miner, and 
the man who ultimately profits l)y their discoveries, the investor and 
capitalist. 

It is with the older eruptive rocks that the valuable minerals are 
mostly associated, as well as in the later gravels, in the carbonifer- 
ous limestone and in the upper cretaceous sandstones. Low-grade 
copper ore is disseminated widely throughout the "red beds,"' espe- 
cially in strata of shale and sandstone, copper having in many 
places replaced fossil plants and trees in the form of a high-grade 
glance. However, the spasmodic appearance . of these glances and 
the low grade of the ore in the surrounding formation, have thus 
far not made the working of these deposits profitable. The upper 
Cretaceous sandstones contain the coal deposits which are dis- 
tributed in the Laramie and the Fox Hills series, the Cerrillos 
and Carthage fields ])elon2:ino- to the latter, the coal of these two 



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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 29 

districts being superior to those in the Laramie series, especially 
on account of their fine coking quality. Much of the copper and 
all of the principal lead and zinc ores are found in intimate asso- 
ciation with the carboniferous limestones. Gold and silver ores 
are nearly always found in intimate connection with the meta- 
morphic and eruptive types of rock, especially with porphyry. 
Lead, copper, zinc and other ores are, as a matter of fact, found 
intermixed with the gold and silver ores. In the placer and black 
sands have been discovered traces of platinum and other rare min- 
erals. 

The geological formations comprise five very marked classes of 
rock material. At the base is a great mass of crystallines, chiefly 
granites, gneisses and schists with some metamorphic elastics 
which cannot always be distinguished from the members of the 
fudamental complex. The latest Paleozoics are widely distributed 
and are chiefly known by the thick blue limestones which form the 
crests and back slopes of many of the principal mountain ranges; 
these are carboniferous. A third class of rocks is found in the 
thick and exteinsive beds of massive yellow sandstones, the geological 
age of which is Cretaceous. Over all these indurated rocks is a 
mantle of soft clays and sands, largely deposited during the Ter- 
tiary period. Later than all of these are vast outflows of igneous 
rocks, which cover many thousands of square miles, covering nearly 
one-sixth of the Territory's area. The period during which these 
volcanic rocks were enipted extended from the late Tertiary down 
to within historical times. It was at the end of the Tertiary period 
that the Mai Pais was formed. It is to this period that New 
Mexico owes many of its most fertile river valleys, the rivers hav- 
ing been dammed by lava flows, forming lakes, which after the 
rivers again eroded a bed through the lava, were unwatered, leav- 
ing valleys deeply covered with fertile soil. Thus the Espanola 
Valley and the Eio Grande Canon, sixty miles long, above Embudo, 
were formed, as were also the valleys along the Gila and San Fran- 
cisco rivers. 

Only in the southern extremity of the Sangre de Cristo range 
is it thought that true Archaean rocks are exposed. Possibly, also 
some of the basement crystallines of the Mogollon and Burro moun- 
tains in western New Mexico, and in the Sierra de los Caballos, 
in the south central part, may prove to be of Archaean age. Even 
in these localities, the areas, which may be properly referred to the 
Archaean, are quite limited. 

Most of the mountain ranges are great tilted blocks, having one 
long sloping side, and one steep face, originally a fault scarp. In 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 31 

the abruptly rising faces, considerable portion of the basal part 
is often found to be made up of quartz plates, micaceous and horn- 
blendic schivsts, gncis.ses ain!d granites. The foliation of these 
highly metamorphosed rocks is usually nearly vertical. When they 
meet the basal quartzites and limestones above, they are sharply 
beveled off and the stratification of the last named beds is nearly 
at right angles to the planes of lamination beneath. 

These highly metamorphosed masses are here referred to the 
Algonkian age. They are more or less mineralized in the various 
mountain systems. They contain many of the extensive deposits of 
copper, iron, silver, gold, zinc and some of the rarer metals. These 
rocks are well disi)layed in the Sandia, Manzano, San Andreas, 
Magdalena, Caballos, Black Range, Sangre de Cristo, Sacramento 
and other ranges. 

In central Xew Mexico, in the Sandia, Caballos, and San Andreas 
ranges, there is a massive quartzite, fifty to one hundred feet in 
thickness, the lower part of which is a conglomerate, lying between 
the carboniferous limestone and the metamorphics. It is conform- 
able with the limestones immediately above it. This quartzite 
member reposes upon the upturned ages of the Algoinkian forma- 
tions, indicating clearly that an enormous erosion interval separates 
the two. In some mountain ranges this quartzite carries important 
copper deposits. 

On the whole, the carl)oniferous rocks are very important forma- 
tions. They are found in the majority of the principal mountain 
ranges. In most localities they are important ore carriers. As 
guide horizons they deserve the fullest consideration in the loca- 
tion of mines. Four important series of formations belong to 
the carboniferous, the middle carboniferous, the upper carbonifer- 
ous and Oklahoman series. The nether series of the carboniferous 
has been clearly differentiated in a number of localities. Principal 
of these places is Lake Valley, in Sierra County. In the Sacra- 
mento Mountains the faunal equivalent of the Burlington lime- 
stone of the Mississippi valley is well exposed. 

The great limestone plates which cap the principal mountain 
ranges in central New Mexico, and which form their back slopes, 
are carboniferous in age. Immediately beneath the ffreat limestone 
formations is found, usually a white quartzite, which often passes 
downward into a coarse conglomerate. The quartzite, with its 
coarse phase, rests uncomfortably on the upturned edges of the 
metamorphic series. 

The great limestones are easily distinguishable by their black 
and blue to gray color, their peculiar compact texture, and the 



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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 33 

fossils whicii they contain. The thickness of the limestone is from 
300 to probably 1,000 feet. It is massively bedded, and in some 
localities contains some very thick beds of pnre whitish lime rock. 

This great limestone formation forms a remarkable cornice on 
the Sa'ndia mountains, clearly seen from the railroad station at 
Albuquerque. It is also an important part of the Manzano, Mag- 
dalcna, Socorro, Caballos, Ladrones, San Andreas and Sacramento 
ranges. 

In most of the districts the carboniferous limestone carries im- 
portant lead and silver deposits. The quartzite also carries copper. 

Above the blue limestone of the carboniferous lies an im- 
portant sandstone, and then a sequence of shales and sandstones 
conspicuous for their remarkable red coloration. "Eed beds" they 
are generally called. 

These Permo-carboniferous red beds are found everywhere at 
the foot of the back slope of the central Xew Mexico mountain 
ranges. They are 200 to 1,000 feet thick and often form a con- 
spicuous feature in the landscape. 

In the Sandia moimtains the lower sandstone is called the Coyote 
sandstone from Coyote Springs, and the upper member of the Ber- 
malillo shales. 

These red sandstones and shales are notable for the copper ores 
everywhere distributed through them. 

There appears to be small doubt that the upper part of the great 
formation, long called the "red beds," belongs to a later geological 
age than the carboniferous. American geologists prefer to denom- 
inate the lower part of the Threefold Mesozoic, the Jura-Trias. 

These beds are largely developed in the northeastern part in the 
Cimarron, Canadian and Pecos valleys, and in the central part in 
the Eio Grande valley. In thickness the" measurement is probably 
greatly in excess of 500 feet. 

The important ore dqjosits are chiefly those of copper and iron. 
Gypsum, fire clays and cement materials abound. 

The cretaceous formatioms are the most extensive surface rocks. 
They probably cover more than one-third of the whole area. Both 
the upper and lower cretaceous sediments are well represented. 

In the Canadian and Pecos valleys, particularly around the west- 
ern and northern borders of the Llano Estacado, there lies above 
the "red beds" a remarkable sequence of sands, chalky rocks and 
clays. These have been called the Trinity sands at the base, the 
Fredericksburg limestone, and the Washita sands. 

At the base of the upper cretaceous is a sandstone at least 300 
feet in thickness. This is one of the chief artesian well reservoirs. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 35 

la northeastern New Mexico particularly, the (l(/lorado forma- 
tion is well defined. It there attains a thickness of fully 800 feet. 
Tt comprises chiefly shales with numerous bands of limestone and 
several thick sandstones. 

Attaining a development of 1,500 feet in the northeastern sec- 
tion, the Montana is well represented by at least two important 
terraces, known further north as the Pierre shales and the Fox Hills 
sandstone. The shales are ];revailingly gray and drab, becoming 
yellowish above and blackish below. 

Here the beds generally referred to the Laramie are upwards of 
2,000 feet in thickness. The rocks are chiefly gray sandstones and 
shales, with numerous beds of coal. Most of the coal of the region 
is believed to belong to the Laramie age. The coals of the Raton, 
Dawson, Cerrillos, Carthage and the Bear mountains are all re- 
garded as Laramie coals. 

In northeastern New Mexico and in the Eio Grande valley there 
are two large areas of gray shales which reach a maximum thick- 
ness of over 800 feet. They have been referred to as the early Ter- 
tiary, and are called the Puerco series. 

The later Tertiary beds are widely distributed. The Lhmo Esta- 
cado formation of the eastern part, over 800 feet in thickness, 
appears to belong to this age. On Galisteo creek, south of Santa 
Fe, certain sands are referred to the Neocene, as are the Santa Fe 
marls so extensively developed north of the City of Santa Fe. The 
marls extend down the valley of the Rio Grande at least as far as 
Socorro. 

New Mexico is 'pre-eminently a mountain country. Geologically 
its mountains are interesting on account of their valuable mineral 
deposits; topographically, on account of being the sources of the 
life-giving rivers, without which the Territory would be a desert. 

River Systems. 

New Mexico has three large river systems. That of the Colorado, 
draining the entire region west of the Continental Divide into 
the Pacific Ocean, the Rio Giande and the Canadian systems, the 
latter two draining the waters of the eastern and larger part of the 
Territory into the Atlantic. There are in addition several inde- 
pendent systems whose waters never reach the ocean, the principal 
of these being that of the Mimbres River in the southwestern 
portion. None of the rivers of the Territory are navigable nor are 
there any large standing bodies of water, although there are nu- 
merous mountain lakes and several lakes formed by irrigation 





MONUMENT ROCK IN SANTA FE CANON. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 37 

systems^ while at certain seasons of the year the submersion of 
deep places on the plains or mesas forms lakes and lakelets. 

Of the most importance to New Mexico is the system of the Eio 
Grande. The river rises in Colorado and bisects the Territory, 
almost 500 miles of its course being within New Mexico. In its 
valley and tributary valleys live two-thirds of the population of 
the Territory, and with its tributaries it furnishes the irrigation 
water for three-fourths of the land under cultivation. During 
flood seasons, it carries an immense amount of water that spreads 
over the lowlands, but during the dry season, it dwindles into in- 
significance in many places, although a large volume of water flows 
under the sandy bed at all times. In the northern part of its course 
the river flows through precipitous canons, opening into the Es- 
panola valley, and then rushes through the White 
Eock canon. South of this, its valley grows wider 
and the stream more sluggish, the banks being low 
or consisting of sand bluffs, excepting in lower Socorro 
and in Sierra counties, where the Elephant Buttes close in upon the 
stream, which for a short distance flows more rapidly again, but 
below the Buttes spreads out into the Mesilla valley, one of the 
garden spots of the Southwest. This river has been called the "Nile 
of New Mexico," and this name is truthful within certain limita- 
tions. Egypt without the Nile would be a desert. New Mexico 
without the Eio Grande would still be a rich and prosperous com- 
monwealth, although its population would be only half of what it 
is today, and instead of being, first of all an agricultural, it would 
be more a stock and mining country. 

The Eio Grande has many tributaries, along which are situated 
some of the loveliest and most fertile valleys. Commencing in the 
north, the most important are the Costilla, Cabresto, Taos, Em- 
budo, Petaca, Chama, Santa Cruz, Pojoaque, Santa Fe, Jemez, 
Galisteo, Puerco and Salado rivers. South of the last named the 
Eio Grande is practically tributaryless for over a hundred and fifty 
miles, except during the spring months or after heavy rains. 

Next to the Eio Grande, the longest river in the Territory is its 
largest tributary, the Pecos. It rises in Mora county, on the Pecos 
Eiver Forest Eeserve, and flows southeasterly for over 400 miles 
through the Territory and finally enters the Eio Grande in Texas. 
Along its upper course it is a mountain stream, but in Guadalupe 
county it assumes the characteristics of the lower Eio Grande, a 
wide, shifting sandy bed, cutting through bluffs or spreading over 
lowlands, carrying an immense volume of water during floods, seep- 
ing into the ground along certain stretches during drouth, but 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 39 

always having a strong underflow. In Chaves and Eddy counties, 
the flow of the river is more permanent and of greater volume, 
but here, too, it fluctuates according to the season. The waters of 
the Pecos are more alkaline than those of the Rio Grande, especially 
from Santa Eosa south. The Pecos has a number of long tribu- 
taries, but none of them carries a great volume of water except 
after heavy rains or during flood season. 

The river system next in importance is that of the Canadian, 
which drains the eastern slope of the main Rocky Mountain range 
as far south as the headwaters of the Pecos river. Its principal 
tributaries, the Cimarron, the Vermejo, the Ocate and the Mora, 
carry a considerable amount of water, while there are a number 
of lesser tributaries, perennial in their flow in their upper courses. 
These streams have more or less the characteristics of mountaiii 
streams, with rock bottoms. Still, they have considerable under- 
flow, and as the Canadian approaches the eastern boundary, its 
waters seep into the sandy bed and its tributaries are mere arroyos. 

The third great .system is that of the Colorado, exceeding the 
other two systems in the amount of water carried, but inferior to 
them in the number of acres under cultivation and tributary to it, 
and the population dependent upon its water for irrigation. Tha 
largest affluent is the San Juan with its important tributaries, the 
Las Animas and the La Plata, draining southwestern Colorado and 
northwestern New Mexico. To the Colorado system also belong 
the Zuni, the Gila and the San Francisco rivers, all important on 
account of the large volume of water they carry. 

Of the independent river systems, those of the Mimbres, the 
Tularosa, the Tres Rios and the Datil are alone worthy of more 
than mere mention. 

While the rivers of New Mexico are not great highways of com- 
merce, yet, owing to the necessity of irrigation, they are the ar- 
teries upon whose flow prosperitv depends to a great extent. They 
differ in many respects from rivers in the east owing to peculiari- 
ties of climate, of soil and the uses to which their waters are put. 
So-called arroyos or dry water courses, furrow New Mexico in 
every direction, in addition to the rivers and streams. These ar- 
royos carry water only after rains or when the snow Is melting in 
the mountains. Most of them have an underflow, but ordinarily 
they appear to the eye as rivers that have been dried up by the sun 
and the winds. 

Irrigation. 

Crops are raised in the mountain valleys much the same as in the 
more humid east. On large areas, especially in draws, sinks and 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



41 



former river and lake bottoni.s, the Campbell method of soil cul- 
ture will enable the energetic husbandman to do well without irri- 
gation or with scant irrigation, but as a rule, irrigation is necessary 
to the successful pursuit of agriculture, and it is really the ideal 
co^ndition under which to raise crops, as has been proved by five 
thousand years of history in the fertile valleys of Egypt, Mesopo- 
tamia, Hindostan, China, North x\frica and northern Italy. 

No excessive moisture, 'no drouth, worries the liusbandman who 
possesses an irrigation right in a perennial stream, who has fortified 
himself with a reservoir, or who has struck artesian water, or who 
has wells from which he can pump. Irrigation means intensive 
farming, it means that the land will be fertilized at the same time 
that it is watered, it means certain crops and a maximum produc- 
tion per acre. In its perfectio'n, agriculture by irrigation is as 
distinct an advance upon the methods of agriculture in the more 
humid states, as manufacturing Avith machinery is over manual 
labor. 

When it is remembered that out of a total area of over 78,000,000 
acres onlv a little over a cpiarter million are in actual cultivation 
under irrigation ditches, then it will be seen that there is a vast 
opening for enterprise in reclaiming broad areas of as fertile lands 
as God ever created, lying under a perfect sky, and in a well-nigh 
perfect climate. Nor is there a lack of water for reclaiming at 
least a portioai of the vast arid, domain. The flood waters which 
flow to waste annually, the ordinary flow of rivers and streams that 
is wasted or not utilized, the tremendous underflow in most of the 
broad valleys, the feasibility and cheapness of pumping water from 
unfailing wells in many sections, and the undoubted existence 
of large artesian belts, all promise that sooner or later a large part 
of New Mexico will be under successful irrigation. 

Sufficient data have been gathered and published in the report 
of the Territorial commission of irrigation of 1898 and by the 
United States Geological Survey to make it quite practicable to 
select the most available reservoir sites and to determine upon 
projects, which at a minimum cost would benefit the greater num- 
ber of people. 

The Territory may properly be divided into three distinct regions, 
the eastern plains, the Rio Grande valley and the western plateaus. 
The eastern portion is an extension of the high plains of Texas, 
l)roken l)y the courses of the Canadian and Pecos Elvers. This 
broad stretch of open grazing land continues to the uplands which 
form the southern extension of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 

This portion is a favored section for the cattle growers and sheep 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. • 43 

raisers. Beyond this broken country is the Rio Grande Talley, 
and still further west are elevated arid table lands. These extend 
to the mountains^ which lie about the headwaters of the Gila and 
Salt rivers. In the extreme northwestern part of the Territory, 
where are the fertile valleys of the San Juan river and its tribu- 
taries, there has been recently a considerable development of irri- 
gation. 

In the Eio Grande section there are a few very large irrigation 
canals and many small community ditches held by the small farm- 
ers and the Pueblo Indians. The origin of these ditches is lost, 
even in local tradition, and it is probable that many more of them 
were in use before the advent of the Spaniards. IJinder the com- 
munity system, each ditch is held and controlled by the owners of 
the land it irrigates, these living usually together in a village or 
pueblo. In the fall of each year a mayordomo is elected, who has 
control of the ditch for the following season. He assesses the land 
for the labor necessary to -clean the ditch and to keep it in repair 
during the irrigation season, apportions the water to each con- 
sumer according to the local conditions, and in general supervises 
all matters pertaining to irrigation. While the apportionment of 
labor varies, it is generally such that a farmer holding a tract of 
six acres is required to furnish the labor of one man in cleaning 
and repairing the entire ditch in the spring, while he who holds 
twelve acres furnishes a man's labor when necessary during the 
whole season. The ditches have no regular gates or sluices, and 
flooding is the only means of irrigation. Consequently, the use 
of water is extremely wasteful. 

The development of the agricultural resources depends largely 
upon the control of the waters of the Rio Grande and its many 
tributaries. The seepage and inflow from tributaries maintain the 
river at a good volume in northern New Mexico. Sites suitable for 
reservoirs along the Rio Grande and its principal tributaries are 
frequent, and several of them excellent. Large dams constructed 
at these points would render it possible to hold large quantities of 
water for irrigation of a number of open valleys along the course 
of the river. 

The Reclamation Service of the United States Geologic Survey 
has completed the preliminary work for the building of a diverting 
dam at Penasco Rock and a dam at the Elephant Buttes, in the 
Rio Grande, north of the Mesilla valley. Water Users' Associa- 
tions have been organized as the first step toward having the 
Reclamation Service undertake actual constructioaj work upon this 
project. 



\ THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 45 

The reservoir will be forty miles in length, and its capacity will 
be 2,000,000 acre-feet, or ample for the 180,000 acres of land to be 
supplied by it. The cost of the project, including reservoir and all 
diversion works and canals above El Paso, is estimated at $7,200,-- 
000, or $40 per acre on 180,000 acres. This is beloiv the value of 
irrigated land in the valley, and those best informed pronounce the 
project desirable at the price. The main item of cost is the dam, 
which will require 300,000 barrels of cement, a large amount of 
machinery, gates, etc., entailing a very heavy outlay for freight. 
It is estimated that the dam will cost approximately $5,500,000. 
As projected, the dam will be arched up stream and on a six degree 
curve, the upstream edge or crest having a radius of 955.4 feet- 
Its dimensions are to be as follows : Height from bedrock forma- 
tion to top of parapet walls or crest, 255 feet; thiclcness at bottom, 
180 feet; on top, 20 feet; length of crest, 1,150 feet. The roadway 
is five feet below the crest, between parapet walls on each side, and is 
14 feet wide. The spillway at a natural gap on the west side of 
the valley is several miles north of the d-am and about 175 feet 
higher than the level of the present river bed. It will have a total 
length of 800 feet. 

The Eeclamation Service is taking water measurements on the 
Sapello, Gallinas and Tecolote rivers, in San Miguel county, as a 
preliminary to considering a project for the construction of a reser- 
voir on the Las Vegas grant. Private companies have from time 
to time constructed irrigation systems in the valleys tributary to 
the Eio Grande, and a number of other projects a-re under consid- 
eration at present. 

The largest irrigation system in the Territory, and probably in 
the United States, is situated on the Pecos river, in Chaves and 
Eddy counties. In the lower part of its course in New Mexico, the 
Pecos receives large quantities of water from numerous springs, 
which are a notable feature, many of them emerging from the 
earth with such volume and force as to prove beyond question 
that their source is high upon the snowclad ranges to the northwest 
of them. The drainage area of the catchment basin of the Pecos 
river lying within the Territory and available for irrigation pur- 
poses is estimated at 20,000 square miles. The irrigation system 
of the Pecos Irrigation Company has a water s^ipply sufficient to 
irrigate 250,000 acres, although thus far only 20,000 acres are 
under cultivation. This system has been transferred and sold to 
the United States Eeclamation Service and will be improved and 
extended by it at a cost of $650,000. The Eeclamation Ser- 
vice is building a reservoir on the Hondo, a tributary of 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 47 

the Pecos, which will be completed in 1906, and which will place 
under irrigation at first 9^000 acres, and ultimately about 14,000 
acres. Another project in this drainage basin, the Lake Urton 
reservoir, has been approved by the Eeclamation Service for con- 
struction. The Felix irrigation system, owned by private parties, 
furnishes the water for a large area in southern Chaves County. 
Irrigation ditches in this drainage basin are confiined almost wholly 
to the tributaries, the course of the main stream being for the 
greater part through a canon, from which it does not emerge until 
it nears the boundary. Important irrigation systems are supplied 
by the Cimarron, Vermejo and Mora rivers, those of the two first 
mentioned streams being among the most extensive in the Territory. 
Two large canals, constructed by a corporatio'n, are located on the 
Maxwell grant, a tract containing 1,491,755 acres of grazing, agri- 
cultural, timber and mineral lands, including within its boundaries 
the headwaters of the Canadian, Yermejo and Cimarron rivers. 
Along the line of these canals is a series of natural basins or an- 
cient lake-beds, favorably situated, in which large quantities of 
water are stored. Many smaller natural reservoir sites, located 
at elevations where evaporation is comparatively slight, are 
found near the headwaters of nearly all the streams which originate 
in this basin. Eleven reservoirs, with a combined capacity of 5,000 
acr^-feet, have been constructed on the Vermejo. On the Cimarron 
there are thirteen community or individual ditches and one cor- 
poration ditch. Connected with these are four storage reservoirs, 
with an aggregate capacity of 6,000 acre-feet. The area irrigated 
by the ditches of this stream is 8,000 acres. The Mora river and 
its tributaries supply water for practically all the rrrigation sys- 
tems in Mora county. Two ditches have been constructed, by 
which, during the periods of greater scarcity, water is taken from 
the Eio del Pueblo in Taos county and diverted through passes in 
the mountains. All the ditches along the Mora and its tributaries 
are either private or community ditches. 

In the western plateau region the total number of acres irrigated 
is small, compared with the other two main divisions of the Ter- 
ritory. The waters affording supply for this region are the San 
Juan, the Gila, the Zuni and the Mimbres rivers. The lands irri- 
gated by the San Juan river are in the 'northern part of San Juan 
county. The sources Df this river are in the San Juan and La 
Plata mountains in (Colorado, and the affluents which it receives 
from the south are unimportant. Near the Colorado line the San 
Juan has a mean flow of 960 feet per second. This is aug- 
mented by the waters of the Eio del los Pinos, which has an esti- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 49 

mated flow of eighty cubic feet per second. The most important 
tributary is the Animas, which has a normal flow at a point below 
Aztec of 855 cubic feet per second. 

In the drainage basin of the San Juan there are fifty-two ditches 
located as follows : On the Animas twenty, irrigating 7,500 acres ; 
on the San Juan nineteen, irrigating 4,000, ajid on the La Plata 
fifteen, irrigating 3,000 acres. The total area irrigated by the San 
Juan and its tributaries is 15,500 acres. The United States Rec- 
lamation Service is considering the feasibility of an irrigation pro- 
ject to reclaim 20,000 acres west of the La Plata. A private cor- 
poration has taken the preliminary steps to reclaim 20,000 acres 
in the vicinity of Blanco, on the San Juan river. 

In Grant County a considerable acreage is irrigated by the Rio 
Mimbres. This stream flows southeast through the counties of 
Grant and Luna, to within a few miles of Deming, then turns ab- 
ruptly to the east and discharges its waters upon the Florida plains, 
where they are lost in the sands. The area irrigated by it is 6,000 
acres. The flow is permanent and only a small portion is used. 

The Rio Mimbres Irrigation Company has leased territorial 
lands on the Upper Mimbres for the purpose of reclaiming them by 
irrigation works storing the flood waters of the river. 

Between the basins of the Gila and the San Juan rivers, there 
is a small area drained by the Zuni river. Portions of this area are 
irrigated by the Zuni Indians. The Indian Office is constructing a 
reservoir for the Pueblo Indians on the Zuni reservation which 
will impound sufficient water to irrigate 6,000 acres. 

Lands of New Mexico. 

Of the 78,374,000 acres of land surface in New Mexico, only 
6,000,000, or 6.5 per cent, are included in farms, and only 400,000 
are improved. Of the improved land 385,000 acres are located out- 
side of the Indian reservations. The importance of irrigation is 
demonstrated by the fact that the cultivated area outside of the 
Indian reservations is only a little more than 250,000 acres. In 
1889 the corresponding cultivated area was but 91,755 acres. 

Of the farms of the Territory 72.2 per cent is wholly or partially 
irrigated, while of the improved acreage 57.2 per cent is cultivated. 
The average area of improved land in such irrigated farms is thirty- 
three acres, of which twenty-six are cultivated. 

The average 'number of acres of cultivated land for eacli mile of 
ditch reported is eighty-six. The area under ditch for each mile 
is 272 acres, or over three times the average cultivated area. In 
many states where there is a larger percentage of new irrigation 



^jii^^m.- 






^^:;-_ : LARGEST 

^i^l , in THE. 
^H| . PECOS 
WPB VALLEY. 







THE LARGEST WELL IN THE PECOS VALLEY. 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 51 

enterprises than' in this Territory, the area cultivated bears a much 
smaller ratio to the area under ditch. In the sections of New 
Mexico where irrigation has been practiced for centuries, the effect 
on the old canals of the diversion of water at points further- up the 
stream is shown by the difference between acreage under ditch and 
acreage actually cultivated. This is especially evident along the 
Rio Grande. On the other hand, in the valleys of the Pecos and 
San Juan rivers and their tributaries, the difference is due to the 
existence of modern irrigation systems. 

The average cost of constructing the ditches is $1,738 per mile 
and $6.40 per acre of land under ditch. 

The irrigated farms make greater use of the public domain for 
grazing purposes than do those which are unirrigated, and an in- 
come is thus secured in addition to that obtained directly from the 
land owned and leased. 

Sufficient has been done in irrigation to demonstrate wiiat might 
be and eventually will be accomplished. The irrigation works in 
the lower Pecos Valley have placed under ditch an area equal to 
the entire number of acres now under cultivation in the Terri- 
tory; they have built cities and villages, turned a desert into a 
garden, arid created millions of dollars of wealth where formerly 
there was but an unproductive waste. And yet, this is only the 
beginning, even for that section of the Territory. 

On the Maxwell land grant in Colfax County equal progress 
has been made in building irrigation works on scientific principles, 
and the results are similar to those achieved in the Pecos valley. 
In San Juan County there are miles upon miles of irrigation canals, 
while many more miles are being added without exhausting the 
available water supply. For the Pueblo, as well as the Navaho 
Indians, the national government is constructing such reservoirs 
and irrigation canals; and it will undertake the same work in the 
near future for farmers who are not wards of the United States. 
In the Rio Grande valley and the valleys of its tributaries and along 
every stream and river are irrigation systems, some of them primi- 
tive and wasteful, it is true, and sooner or later to be supplanted 
by scientific irrigation, yet, sufficient to demonstrate that this is 
first of all an agricultural commonwealth. It was the first to 
practice irrigation and will be the greatest beneficiary eventually 
under the reclamation policy of the national government. 

Xew Mexico does not depend altogether upon water from 
flowing streams or stored flood waters for the moisture to raise 
crops. Besides a number of valleys and mesas where the rainfall 
is sufficient, there are artesian areas, developed to their greatest 




ARTESIAN WELL NEAR ARTESIA. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 53 

extent in Chaves and Eddy Counties,, where there are scores of flow- 
ing wells,,but existing also in' Colfax" County and about to be de- 
veloped in other Sections. Besides fiowimg wells, there are inex- 
haustible wells in: which the water does not rise quite to the sur- 
face, such as in the- Estancia Valley in Torrance County, in the 
Mimbres Valley in Luna'County, in Eoosevelt. and other counties. 
There is a heavy underground flow in nearly every river valley, 
which is available by pumping. Experiments successfully con- 
ducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Mesilla Park, 
have demonstrated that water sufficient for irrigation purposes 
can be raised with a gasoline pump at a maximum cost of from 
■fifty-one to fifty-four cents an acre, the well being forty-eight feet 
deep. When it is considered that in India 6,000,000 acres are irri- 
gated from wells. by pumping, it can be. seen what a future there 
is for New Mexico in agricultural development alone. 

The Campbell and Other Dry Climate Methods. 

In Eoosevelt County, in Quay County, on Johnson's Mesa, on the 
Barela Mesa, in the White, Sacramento and Pecos mountains, thou- 
sands of acres are under, cultivation, depending upon the annual 
rainfall. , It has been demonstrated- that the real difficulty in the 
arid region is not a lack of rainfall, but the loss of too much 
water by evaporation, and this can be properly controlled by culti- 
vation, especially by the Campbell method of soil culture, which 
consists in cultivating the soil frequently and deeply and covering 
the surface with a dust mulch that prevents the evaporation of 
the moisture stored in. the ground. 

It has been proven by careful laboratory and field work that eight 
inches of rainfall are ample to grow good crops, providing the water 
is all utilized. The average rainfall for New Mexico is twice as 
much, and in portions^ three times as much. A description of such 
a dry culture farm north of Alamogordo, in the most arid portion 
of the Territory, gives an idea of the practicability of raising crops 
without irrigation in the arid region. It says : "It is the cleanest, 
neatest ranch conceivable. The weeds lining every irrigating ditch 
and in every irrigated field are conspicuous by their absence. The 
intense dark green foliage of the trees strikes one's attention upon 
approach and the evidence of thrift and health in every growing 
thing is so convincing that one is utterly confounded. All the 
preconceived notions as to the absolute necessity for abundant 
water to raise a crop in New Mexico are swept away at a glance. 
One who has seen thousands of dollars expended to bring a small 
stream of water for a few miles to develop a little ranch is dumb- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 55 

founded to see the desert blossom as the rose, under simply the 
magic touch of labor in common with methods of good farming. It 
is only four years since the first work was done on this desert farm. 
Several acres of land were cleared of sage brush and after crop- 
ping to corn or small grain, fruit trees were planted. Many of 
these are bearing this year. It will pay one to visit this ranch to 
see what can be done without irrigation. One will find there a 
thriving crop of l)arley, and corn six feet tall, all kinds of garden 
truck, and trees of many varieties. There are large cottonwoods, 
and fruit trees loaded with blossoms and fruit. Apricots, pears, 
peaches, plums, walnuts, apples, grapes, blackberries and rhubarb 
are all doing well by the simplest method of cultivating throughout 
the summer." This method of dry farming is especially successful 
in Union, Quay and Roosevelt Counties, but can certainly be 
adapted to reclaiming millions of acres now lying idle in every 
part of the Territory. Great success with this method has been 
obtained in eastern Colorado and western Texas, in each of which 
States companies have been organized to reclaim lands upon a 
large scale by the Campbell method. Says a successful expert of 
this method: "'There is more than one way to bottle up water, 
and the best is tb use the soil itself as a, bottle. If the soil is deep, 
it will hold all that falls upon it without leaking out below. If 
the farmer plows it deep, subsoils it in the fall and lets it lie rough 
through the winter and spring, he opens the bottle ready to catch 
all the water. If he keeps it blanketed with a few inches of very 
loose dry soil by cultivation when the soil is in a condition to 
crumble nicely, and then cultivates frequently thereafter through 
the summer, lie effectively corks up the bottle so that but a rela- 
tively small part of it gets out into the air. He then also keeps 
all weeds down and prevents the enormous leakage through the 
roots, stems and leaves of the plants which would otherwise take 
place." Beaver County, Oklahoma, boasts of its fine crops raised 
without irrigation, and yet just across the State boundary, in Xew 
]kIexico, the rainfall for the past &ix years has averaged 36-100 of 
an inch per month more durimg the growing season, giving promise 
of the arid plains and. mesas of New Mexico being in the near 
future converted into fertile farms. 



PART III. 

INDUSTRIES— AGRICULTURE. 

The" up-to-date New Mexico farmer is the aristocrat of his craft. 
With. twenty or thirty acres of fertile land and ample irrigation 
rights he is- independemt. If his ranch is well located he fears 
neither excessive moisture nor drouth, neither hard times noi 
panics. There is always a good market in which his products com- 
mand top prices, and as to crop failure, it is out of the question, if 
he knows his business. 

New Mexico is attracting more attention today than at any 
former time on account of its agricultural possibilities. Homeseek- 
ers are, coming to the Territory in great numbers, taking up or 
purchasing large areas of land in valleys or on the mesas, and build- 
ing new agricultural communities of considerable importance. 

Forty-one per cent of the people in the Territory in gainful occu- 
pations are engaged 'in agricultural pursuits — quite a creditable 
showing. In the great agricultural state of Illinois, having a popu- 
lation of 3,8O4,<)40, engaged in gainful occupations there are 863,- 
781 persons, or only thirty-one per cent, as against forty-one per 
cent in New Mexico, who are engaged in agricultural pursuits. 

The area and valuation of farm lands and the value of farm 
property in New Mexico have materially increased since 1890, as is 
shown in the following table : 

Farm Statistics. 

1890. 1900. 

Total number of farms . *4,458 **11,834 

Acres in farms 783,883 5,130,878 

Total value of farm propertv $33,543,141 $53,737,834 

Lands, fences and buildings 8,140,800 30,888,814 

Implements and machinery 391,140 1,151,610 

Live stock on hand June 1 . 35,111,303 31,737,400 

*Not less than three acres, reportin'g not less than $500 gross 
income. 

**Not less than three acres, and reporting the sale of not less 
than $500 in produce. 

Today, at least 50 per cent must be added for present-day valua- 
tions. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 59 

This shows tliat from 1890 to IDUU the number of farms increased 
165 per cent, the area of farm lands 550 per cent^ the total value of 
farm property GO per cent, the value of lands with their improve- 
ments 15G per ceui't, the value of implements and machinery 295 
per cent, and the value of liva stock 2G per cent. These figures 
give an idea of the rapid development, aiid they are also indicative 
of what may be expected in the future. Another matter that is 
well worthy. of record here is the fact that the producing capabilities 
per capita of those engaged in agricultural pursuits have increased 
amazingly. The annual value of farm products increased in the 
teni! years, 1890 to 1900, from nearly $2,000,000 to a little over 
$10,000,000, or an increase of -100 per cent in the ten years, while 
the agricultural population has not increased 100 per cent. 

The following table, taken from the twelfth United States census, 
will give some idea of the importance of several of the leading Xew 
Mexico crops during the census j^ear of 1900 : 

Value. Acres. Bushels. 

Total cereals $1,077,377 . 96,210 

Corn 519,936 41,345 677,305 

Wheat 390,616 37,907 603,303 

Oats 154,347 15,848 342,777 

Barley . 12,475 1,110 23,107 

Hay and forage 1,427,317 87,458 

Beams ' 73,001 . 3,349 

Peas 20,365 2,220 

Sugar beets 16,859 1,298 

Irish potatoes 49,552 1,122 72,613 

Sweet potatoes 4,588 47 6,180 

Orchard products 197,331 

Flowers and plants 5,300 11 

Nurseries 4,343 22 

Vegetables 278,412 6,501 

Not dassi^ed 33,717 

In the year 1905, which, owing to a wet spring, saw a larger area 
than ever before in crops, the acreage, yield and value are estimated 
to be 50 per cent higher than in the census year of 1900. 

Agricultural Possibilities. 

There are many thousands of acres in New Mexico, aside from 
those already in use, which cauT be utilized for agricultural and 
horticultural purposes. The portions of the Territory which are 
best suited to cultivation are the river bottoms or valleys, and the 
smaller vallevs along the mountain streams. There are also large 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 61 

areas, commonly known as the mesas or uplands, which have the 
finest soil, and parts of which produce good crops by intensive cul- 
tivation and the Campbell dry culture method. The largest agri- 
cultural-horticultural districts are the Rio Grande valley, extend- 
ing from Embudo to the Texas line, taking in portioois of the 
Counties .of Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, Valencia, 
Socorro, Sierra and Dona Ana; the Pecos valley, in San Miguel, 
Guadalupe, Chaves and Eddy Counties; the Animas and the San 
Juan valleys in San Juan County, and the Mimbres valley in Grant 
County. Other notable but smaller sections are found in the Coun- 
ties of Colfax, Otero, Lincoln, Rio Arriba, Mora and San Miguel. 
Their altitude ranges from 3,000 to 7,500 feet. 

The soil varies .from a sandy loam to a heavy clay, and is ordi- 
narily fertile enough to produce good crops if water is 'obtainable 
for irrigation, or under the Campbell method of soil culture. Its 
fertility is demonstrated by the ramk and rapid growth of trees and 
plants. ... 

Since New Mexico lies in the arid zone the rainfall being insuffi- 
cient oannot be depended upon for the growing of fruits and vege- 
tables, except by special . methods of cultivation, which can be 
profitably employed only in certain localities. In the mountain 
districts, where the rainfall is more abundant, as well as on the 
mesas and plains, crops of fruits and vegetables are grown with- 
out irrigation. 

However, by irrigation, other things being equal, the largest crops 
of excellent quality can be grown, and the danger from floods and 
drouths is in a great measure mitigated. It is true, that the irri- 
gation of fruits and vegetables costs money, energy and some skill, 
but the rewards are great and sure. With irrigation, the crops 
need oot suffer from either too much or too little water, and the 
land can be made to produce abundantly every year. 

In order to bring into play the favorable soil, water and climatic 
conditions Jo the best advantage, the adaptability of varieties of 
trees and plants should be considered. It is not infrequently found 
that. some varieties, although they may be among the leading ones 
in^other states, are partially or entirely worthless in New Mexico, 
particularly of the stone fruits. -Om the other hand, some less 
valuable kinds in other sections succeed admirably in many parts. 
In other words, the proper selection of varieties is an impor- 
tant factor in the success of agricultural and horticultural oper- 
ations, and this is being realized more and more. Considerable 
success is also attending the introduction and propagation of crops 
especially adapted to the arid regions. 




ARTESIAN WELL AT ROSWELL. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 63 

While agriculture is the leading indtistrial interest and the 
majority of the people is more or lesis engaged in some branch of 
it, the possibilities in this direction are not fully realized and only 
a small part of the land that is adapted to agriculture has been 
used. The Counties of Union, Chaves, Eddy and Eooscvelt, on the 
extreme eastern side of the Territory, are still devoted mostly to 
stock raising, except in the Pecos valley, principally in the Counties 
of Chaves and Eddy, where west of the Pecos river an artesian belt 
exists, which is constantly extending and in which artesian wells 
are being drilled. In eastern Eoosevelt many homesteads have been! 
taken up during the past three years and farming has been quite 
successiul. 

The Counties of Otero, Lincoln, Guadalupe, Quay and Torrance 
in the central and eastern portion of the Territory are also prin- 
cipally stock raising counties, but agriculture is extending steadily 
and the acreage in crops is increasing rapidly. 

Colfax, Mora, San Miguel, Santa Fe, A'alencia, Socorro and 
Dona Ana Counties are partly agricultural and partly stock raising 
subdivisions. 

Taos, Eio Arriba, San Juan, Sandoval and Bernalillo may be 
placed in the same category. In McKinley County, agriculture is 
not practiced to any large extent. In Grant, Sierra and Luna, the 
stock-raising industry is paramount and agriculture is practiced 
mostly in the valleys of the permanent streams and water courses. 

The prices of agricultural lands under irrigation systems, public 
or private, and with permanent water rights, are from ten to two 
hundred dollars per acre, according to location, nearness to rail- 
roads and towns, crops, fruit trees, water rights, ditch systems and 
general condition's. 

As a geuieral proposition it may be said that the lands in the val- 
leys of the rivers, as the Rio Grande and its affluents in the central 
part of the Territory, the Canadian and its tributaries in the north- 
eastern portion, the Pecos River and the streams entering into it 
in the central and southeastern, part, the San Juan and its tribu- 
taries in the nortlyvestem section, are in private ownership under 
irrigation and cultivation by means of community or private ditch 
system, and are held all the way from ten dollars per acre up. ac- 
cording to location and nearness to railroads, irrigation facilities 
and water supply, crops planted thereon and other considerations. 

In these valleys there is a vast amount of good land on the second 
and third benches from the river valleys proper, but these have, as 
yet, no water systems and are not under irrigation except in a few 
instances. 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 65 

Automatic Fertilization. 

The soil of the valleys of New Mexico is superior in productive 
capabilities to the alluvial soil of the prairie states. The secret 
of its producing power probably lies in the large amount of sedi- 
ment contained in the irrigation waters. The Nile valley, with its 
irrigation waters loaded with sediment, is considered one of the 
most fertile in the world, and yet in New Mexico there are a num- 
ber of Nile valleys in miniature. 

The crops are not seriously troubled by fungus diseases. In- 
sect pests, formerly unknown, have made their appearance in late 
years, but not to such an extent as in the humid regions. Much 
sunshine and dry air prevent the growth of fungi, and, therefore, 
these are not likely to become troublesome. The insect pests that 
have found their way here can generally be controlled by proper 
treatment 

It is quite a common custom, especially with the. native popula- 
tion, to grow two crops on the same land in one season, that is, a 
crop of wheat and a crop of corn. This system would be inadvisable 
in the rain belt, but in sections where irrigation is employed and 
the water applied is loaded with rich sediment, it is a question if 
ainy serious criticism of this practice can be made. 

New Mexico's climate is a source of wealth to its people. Agri- 
cultural operations, especially in the southern half, are carried on 
throughout the year. Ground may be plowed any time during the 
winter, and cereals and alfalfa are so^Yn during this season of the 
year, thus leaving the summer months free in which to harvest 
the cereal crops and the four or five cuttings of alfalfa. 

Alfalfa. 

Much has been written about alfalfa It is known more or less 
m every state of the Union. Alfalfa is grown in all the irrigated 
sections of New Mexico up to an altitude of 8,000 feet. It is 
grown considerably in dry farming sections, where there is no 
irrigation. In New Mexico alfalfa does well in almost every class 
of soil. The chemical constituents of the soil seem to have little 
to do with the growth of the crop, provided the surface is level 
and the proper amount of water is given. It grows well on light, 
sandy loam, as well as on the heaviest adobe. It is said by an 
able writer that alfalfa will not stand "wet feet." That is true if 
he means that it would not grow in a water-logged soil. Where the 
soil is well drained it will extend its roots to the water table and 
grow luxuriantly, even if the water table is only a few feet below 
the surface of the ground. The area of alfalfa in New Mexico 




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"-3 
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in" 

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1-3 

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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 67 

increased from 13,139 acres in 1890 to 55,467 in 1900. The aver- 
age annual yield m the Territory 'is about three tons per acre. The 
cost of production, including taxes, water rent, growing, harvest- 
ing, baling and placing on board the car, does not exceed $4 per 
ton. There are some alfalfa farmers who are able to place alfalfa 
on the oar at a much less figure because they have perfected their 
system of irrigation and handle the hay with improved machinery. 

The net profit in growing alfalfa under irrigation is considerably 
larger than the average net profits realized on wheat and corn in 
the older agricultural sections. It is a crop that requires little 
labor, if the field has been made le^^el and the soil well prepared 
before seeding, after which the operations are simple, resolving 
themselves into irrigation and harvesting. On many soils, one irri- 
gation will produce one crop, which may vary from one-half to two 
tons per acre. The price of alfalfa varies in different parts of the 
Territory, depending upon the production, amount consumed by 
stock being fattened, and the shipping facilities. The demand 
for alfalfa, aside from that of local consumption, comes from cities 
and towns, mining and railroad camps, and the thousands of isolated 
stock ranches scattered over the arid and semi-arid sections, as 
well as a considerable demand from portions of Texas and the 
Republic of Mexico. At harvest time the price of alfalfa is com- 
paratively low, usually not exceeding $8 per ton, but the fore- 
handed farmer who holds his product until winter, usually gets 
from $10 to $13 per ton. Alfalfa farming has proven very attractive 
and profitable, and it is not surprising that the area increased 
from 12,000 to 55,000 acres in ten years. 

As to the feeding value of alfalfa, it is conceded throughout the 
country that it leads all other forage crops in its total digestible 
food constituents and nitrogen contents. 

Forage Crops. 

While alfalfa is the main forage crop, it is not the only one. 
There are some twenty to thirty varieties cf grasses that grow wild 
upon the range and which are harvested for hay, the chief and 
probably the most nutritious being gramma grass, which during 
wet years yields as high as two tons per acre. Large quantities of 
it are harvested on the public range and sold during the winter 
or fed to stock. Attempts to cultivate bromo grass, a drouth and 
•cold resisting forage crop of great value to stockmen, yielding three 
to four heavy crops per year, have proven successful, especially 
on the Sparks ranch on the upper Pecos. Clover does well, as 
do nearly all the other forage plants of the temperate zone. Of 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 69 

late, the value of wild peas for the feecliug of stock has been recog- 
nized, and as the yield per acre in nutritive value is equal to that 
of an acre of alfalfa, there should be a future for those who will 
go into the feeding of lambs and beeves in New JMexico, as the wild 
pea and lupine require very little attention. Oats do very well 
in the mountain valleys as well as od the plains farm, and the yield 
per acre is quite profitable. In fact, oats have become a staple 
crop in the northern part, even where the raising of other crops 
is not attempted. The cultivation of the spineless cactus also opens 
vast possibilities to the stockman, for cacti and mesquite are as 
native here as are the sagebrush and the pinon. 

Wheat. 

Wheat is a sure and good crop if sown early. The yield of 
wheat per acre is equal to the yield in the leading wheat-growing 
states. New Mexico wheat received first premium at the World's 
Fair at Chicago and at other expositions. Before the building of 
the railroads the Taos and other valleys were considered the gran- 
aries of the Southwest. Eye, barley, millet and the other cereal 
crops do equally well, and there is a good home market for all 
that can be produced. 

Corn. 

Corn stands next to alfalfa in acreage and value of total product. 
Where water for irrigation purposes is plentiful the yield of corn 
compares favorably with the yield of this crop in the corn belt. 

Kaffir corn grows as well if not better than ordinary com. In 
some sections and counties it is grown almost exclusively for 
feeding stock. In the Pecos valley, Kaffir corn is one of the leading 
crops. It yields from twenty-five to fifty bushels per acre, besides 
producing a large quantity of excellent stover. Both the grain 
and stover are fed to cattle and sheep in the fattening pens. Kaffir 
corn is an excellent drouth resister, and in Roosevelt County is 
raised without irrigation. 

Sorghum also yields good crops and in many localities is grown 
for its sugar contents. 

Potatoes. 

By many the potato has been considered an impossible crop, and 
yet the value of the potato crop in 1903 was nearly $50,000. The 
difficulties in growing potatoes seem to be those of varieties and 
management under irrigation. Colorado failed in its first attempts 
to grow potatoes, but mow this crop forms an important source of 
wealth in the Centennial State. Sweet potatoes are grown without 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 71 

difficulty. The best success with potatoes lias been achieved in 
the higher mountain valleys. On the Viveash ranch, on the upper 
Pecos, for instance, at an elevation of 10,000 feet, as well as on 
the Sparks ranch, the yield of potatoes both in quality and quantity 
surpasses that of the potato fields of Greeley in Colorado. Potatoes 
also do well in the Estancia valley. 

Vegetables. 

New Mexico produces vegetables as well as the staple crops, and 
wherever water for irrigation can be had, vegetables thrive. While 
truck gardening is not carried on very extensively, it is nevertheless 
increasing every year. 

Celery can be grown to perfection in the parts of the Territory 
where the soil and climatic conditions are favorable and where 
some care in growing it is exercised. Among the best known celery- 
growing sections are Santa Fe, the Eio Grande Valley and Eos- 
well. The latter place is probably the most noted for its celery. 
It produces a large quacitity, but not enough to supply the demand. 
It is claimed that the Eoswell celery is superior to the product from 
California, Michigan' and Louisiana, and will sell equally as well 
in the markets outside of the Territory. 

Fine Eocky Ford cantaloupes are raised here. Cantaloupe grow- 
ing is getting to be quite a business in the southern portion of the 
Territory. Early varieties are grown at Las Cruces, which are 
shipped mostly to the local markets, but the larger areas are found 
at Carlsbad and Eoswell. From these points carloads of canta- 
loupes are sent to the eastern markets. It seems that there is no 
material difference between the New Mexico and the Colorado 
Eocky Ford cantaloupes. New Mexico, however, has the advantage 
of Eocky Ford inasmuch as the cantaloupes can be placed on the 
markets earlier. 

The tomato grows well and is quite an important crop. While 
it is growni more or less in all sections, the largest fields are in the 
Mesilla valley. A canning factory is established at Las Cruces 
which cans a large quantity of excellent tomatoes. The canned 
tomatoes are sold in New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Colorado and 
other states. The demand for these tomatoes is greater than the 
supply. The canned product has also added to the reputation of 
the Territory. 

New Mexico is famed for the superior onions which it pro- 
duces. Probably the Eio Grande and tributary valleys are the 
largest onion-growing districts, and there it is where the old "El 
Paso" onion, which has given New Mexico a reputation as an 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 73 

onion-raising section, grows so well. It is not i'lifrequent to see 
_ specimens weighing one and one-half pounds. The yield per acre 
is large. The results of the Agricultural Experiment Station show 
that such varieties as the Eed Victoria will produce 32,000 pounds 
per acre. 

Beans arc a staple crop and the annual yield foots up many 
hundred tons. Peas do equally as well, and the production of chili 
or peppers is a distinctive feature of native hushandry. Cabbages 
and beets attain an enormous size and the average yield per acre 
would be considered phenomenal in the east. The garden vege- 
tables all flourish and the openings for energetic truck farmers are 
especially inviting m the vicinity of towns and villages, despite the 
fact that one merchant garden at Albuquerque gives an annual 
yield of $30,000, and that there are extensive truck gardens in the 
Mesilla valley. In tlic vicinity of Deming, Chinamen conduct 
truck gardens that arc very profitable, despite the fact that every 
bit of water for irrigation) must be pumped. Okra, peanuts, 
spinach, rhubarb, squash, melons, pumpkins, all do well, especiallv 
in the river valleys. 

Sugar Beets. 

New Mexico ranks first among localities best suited to the 
growth of high-grade sugar beets. In nearly all localities where 
good beets can be grown there may also be found fuel, limestone 
and water of good quality, as well as cheap lahor. In the face of 
these facts, it seems that New Mexico should soon have sugar fac- 
tories. Conditions are veiy similar to those in Colorado. la fact, 
in some respects superior, for both labor and land are cheaper. No 
doubt when it becomes known that New Mexico is even better 
suited than Colorado for both the growing of beets and the manu- 
facture of sugar, capital will develop this industry as it has others. 
New Mexico laws exempt a41 sugar factories from taxation for a 
period of six years. 

The United States Department of Agriculture, through a series 
of experiments for a mumber of years, has proven conclusively 
that a mean temperature for themonths of June, July and August, 
of about 70 degrees, is the best temperature for the growing of 
beets of high saccharine contents. The isothermal sugar zone, or 
that belt of the United States best adapted to the growth of sugar 
beets, has been carefully mapped by Dr. H. W. Wiley, chemist of 
the United States Department of Agriculture. It extends east and 
west across the United States, and embraces that portion having 
a mean summer temperature between 69 and 71 degrees Fahren- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 75 

heit. Entering the northern boundary of Colorado, it passes 
through the entire state and into New Mexico where it forms a 
loop in the extreme southern part of the Territory somewhere 
north of and 'near Las Cruces, and passes upward again and out 
in the extreme northwestern part. The entire agricultural part 
has the proper climatic conditions for the cultivation of sugar beets, 
although the Mesilla and the lower Pecos Valleys in less degree than 
the more northern valleys. Beets grown, when fully matured, have 
shown high sugar contents. Dr. Wiley, who is undoubtedly the 
principal authority on sugar beets today, has the following to say : 

"It is evident that there are many localities in New Mexico where 
conditions of temperature are most favorable to the growth of 
beets. There are also large areas of comparatively level lands 
which are capable of irrigation. Wherever the temperature of these 
regions is sufficiently low to permit the proper development of 
the beet, and where sufficient water for irrigation cam) be secured, 
there is good reason to believe that the industry may be established 
and will prove profitable. While the summer days of New Mexico 
are not so long by an hour or more as in the regions farther north, 
the amount of sunshine which the growing beets will receive, is 
practically as great as in more northern localities, because of the 
comparative absence of cloudy and rainy days." 

The same scientist tabulates analyses of sugar beets grown in 
the different states and territories. It will be seen that New Mexico 
grown sugar beets have a higher percentage of sugar than those of 
any other state which at that time had sugar factories in operation. 
It will also be observed that the percentage of purity of juice from 
New Mexico is very high. 

The following table gives the sugar contents and purity of juice 
in beets from New Mexico and from other states in which beet 
sugar factories have been located : 

STATE. Sugar in beet. Purity in juice. 

Per cent. Per cent. 

Michigan 14. 7 . 81 . 1 

California 16.8 

Colorado 13.6 76.6 

Utah 14.3 81.1 

Nebraska '. . . 12.9 76 . 9 

New York 15.0 82 . 4 

Washington ^. 13.7 80 . 7 

Wisconsin 15.8 83 . 3 

Ohio 13.8 79.1 

Minnesota 11.0 79.2 

New Mexico 17.2 82 . 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 77 

It is estimated that the people of New Mexico consumed 16,000,- 
000 pounds of sugar last year. Not one pound of this sugar was 
manufactured in the Territory, notwithstanding the fact that nat- 
ural conditions are better suited to sugar-lieet growth and beet- 
sugar manufacture than in almost any otlier place in the United 
States, and possibly in the world. 

Tobacco. 

Tobacco has been cultivated for hundreds of years. It is more 
than likely that tobacco originated here and found its way into 
other countries. Wild tobacco, called "puncha," grows along 
the foothills of the mountains. Many farmers continue to grow 
tobacco of seeds from the original plant, preferring it to Havana 
or any other variety. The cultivated plant is very similar to the 
native. The native farmers do not sow the seed in beds and trans- 
plant, but drill in rows. The plants are from five to five and a 
half feet high and have about forty leaves. They are small and 
resemble Turkish more than any other variety in growth and shape 
of leaf. 

Sumatra, Turkish, Havana, Conaiecticut, Virginia and Kentucky 
hurley seed were sown and covered with glass, as an experiment, in 
Bernalillo County iii' recent years. This was necessary, as it was 
late in the season and the plants had to be forced. If the beds 1 ad 
been sown late in February or the early part of March, a covering 
of canvass or cheese-cloth would have been sutficient. Suitable 
lands were selected for the experiment. The crop grew nicely and 
gave a fine yield of superior quality, with points ip favor of Ken- 
tucky hurley and Turkish. 

Tobacco of all varieties will grow well and has an unusually fine 
flavor and aroma. Several acres of Sumatra have been planted 
between rows of Kaffir corn six feet apart. It was shown by this 
experiment that the corn gave sufficient shade to the plants to make 
a very fine leaf, and that the great expense of covering the field 
with canvass is not necessary. 

Cotton. 

Cotton is raised successfully in Eddy County. A cotton gin has 
been erected at Carlsbad. Cotton is also grown on a small scale m 
Chaves, Eoosevelt and Quay Counties. Two thousand acres were 
under cultivation in Eddy County during the 1904 season, and in 
1905 the acreage was increased. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 79 

Canaigre and Rubber Plant. 

Both of these plants grow wild on a large scale. The first named 
is valuable on account of its high contents of tannic acid, a neces- 
sity in tanning leather. An experimental plant at Deming several 
years ago showed that sooner or later the canaigre root will be the 
principal som'ce of tannic acid. Eeeent experiments have shown 
that the rubber plant will yield a good quality of crude rubber 
and that its cultivation for manufacturing purposes can be made 
profitable. Several companies have been organized to utilize the 
wild rubber plant for that purpose. 

HORTICULTURE. 

Fruit growing is assuming large proportions, with practically 
no serious obstacles in the way of its becoming still greater, pro- 
vided proper precautions are taken to keep down insect and fungus 
pests, as is done elsewhere in fruit-growing sections. New Mexico's 
orchards are equal to, if not superior, to those in the best horti- 
cultural sections in the United States. 

Of all the fruits, the apple is the most extensive and the most 
profitable crop. Notwithstamding the topography of the Territory, 
this fruit is well adapted to the different horticultural districts. 
The counties of San Juan, Colfax and Santa Fe in the north, Bei'^ 
nalillo and Socorro in the central. Grant, Dona Ana and Otero in 
the south, and Linicoln and Chaves in the southeast, are favorably 
known for their superior apples, not only in the United States, but 
abroad. Their fruit is placed in competition with the world at the 
great expositions. In 1901 at Buffalo the apples from New Mexico 
were conspicuous, and the fruit from Eoswell, in Chaves County, 
received a first prize, while in 1900 the New Mexico apples were 
carried across the continent and the Atlantic Ocean to the Paris 
Exposition. There New Mexico was counted in with the best apple 
growing sections in the Union, as specimen apples from Dona Ana 
County received second premium. Similar were the results of the 
exhibit of New Mexico apples at the Chicago and St. Louis Expo- 
sitions. This may give an idea as to the kind of fruit that can 
be grown. Not only is the fruit of superior quality, but the crops 
produced are enormous; as a rule the trees tend to overbear. 

The apple orchards vary from small family places to very large 
commercial orchards. The larger commercial plantations are 
located in the Mimbres Valley, the Mesilla Valley, San Juan 
County, Santa Fe Countv, Rio Arriba Coimty and at Roswell. The 
Eoswell district, which seems destined to become the largest apple- 
growing section in the Southwest, is particularly noted for its 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 81 

large orchards. The hirgest bearing orchard is that of J. J. Ha- 
german, a.nd comprises something over 540 acres. The most profit- 
able varieties grown are the winter apples, such as the Ben Davis, 
Gano, Missouri Pippin, Winesap and Mammoth Black Twig. In 
a lesser degree, the early varieties are also prolific. Among the 
leading kinds may be mentioned the Early Harvest, Eed June, 
Yellow Transparent and the Maiden's Blush. 

Other pomaeious fruits, like the pear and quince, thrive as well 
as the apple, but these are not so important, nor are they planted 
in such large areas. The pear has a marked adaptability, the trees 
usually bear early, are among the best drouth resisters, and are 
long lived and hardy. The fruit, especially of the larger varieties, 
like the Bartlett, Idaho, Beurre, Easter and Clapp's Favorite, grows 
very large, and is of fine quality. There is a bright future for the 
extensive planting of this fruit. 

While peaches are grown in all the fruit growing sections, the 
larger commercial orchards are found ifni the Mesilla Valley, the 
upper Eio Grande Valley, and at Carlsbad. These districts are espe- 
cially adapted for certain varieties of peaches, which find their way 
into the Colorado and Kansas City markets. The early-ripening 
varieties, such as the Alexander, Sneed, Waterloo, Arkansas Trav- 
eler and Hyne's Surprise, are among the successful and sure bear- 
ers. This is due to the fact that, as a rule, the early varieties are 
the late bloomers, blossoming late enough to escape the late spring 
frosts. The late-ripening peaches ordinarily bloom from eight to 
ten days later than the early kinds. The peach trees usually begin 
to bear at three years from the time of planting. The tendency of 
the trees is to overbear, and it becomes necessary to thin them in 
order that the fruit may not be too crowded. In size and quality, 
New Mexico peaches are not exceeded by peaches from the best 
peach growing states. It is the common opinion of those who have 
tasted both the California and New Mexico peaches that the latter 
are the better in quality. The fruit is, as a rule, highly colored, 
due, perhaps, to the more continuous sunshine during the ripening 
period. Probably the profitable period of the peach tree here is 
from ten to twelve years. By replanting an orchard at intervals of 
five to eight years, a profitable orchard can be kept up almost in- 
definitely. 

In New Mexico, as in other places where the apricot grows, it has 
given evidence of greater longevity than that of any orchard tree, 
with the possible exception of the pear. It is not uncommon to see 
very old seedling apricot trees growing in the native home places 
in the Mesilla Valley, and at Santa Fe seedling apricot trees are 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 83 

known to be about 200 years old. The fruit from the improved 
kinds is as large and as good in quality as the California apricots. 
The Blenheim, Moorpark, Eoyal, St. Ambroise and Luizet are de- 
sirable for home planting. 

Cherries are only grown on a small scale. The trees of both the 
sour and sweet groups grow well. Varieties of the sour cherries are 
the best bearers, but the fruit is not so large as that from the sweet 
varieties. The latter attain a size and flavor that are unknown to 
the product of eastern orchards. The sour varieties predominate, 
as they have proved to be more regular and surer bearers. The 
Early Eiehmond, English Morello, Osthem, Xapoleon, Tartarian 
and the Montgomery are among the leaders. 

The plum is making a place for itself. There is a growing de- 
mand for it. The tree is perfectly hardy, although there is some 
variation as to the fruitfulness among the trees of different types. 
The three types are, first, the European plum, which is the plum 
that gives rise to the old varieties, such as the Green Gage, Yellow 
Egg, Damson, and the various prunes; second, the Japanese plums, 
which are entirely different from the former ; and, third, the native 
type, such a.'? the Wild Goose. As already stated, it is a well estab- 
lished fact that the selection of varieties is an important considera- 
tion, and this is particularly true in regard to plums. The Euro- 
pean plums do admirably. The trees are thrifty, heavy and sure 
bearers. 'These plums are well adapted in every respect to the Xew 
'Mexico conditions, and large and excellent quality fruit can be 
produced. A few of the leading kinds of this group which have 
been tested are the Clayman, Jefferson, Imperial and Transparent 
Gage, Yellow Egg, Pond's Seedling, Washington, and the French 
and German Prunes. The Hiative plums, such as the Wild Goose, 
Golden Beauty, and Pool's Pride, are sure bearers. 

Nectarines and mulberries do especially well in New Mexico. The 
rapid growth of the latter, as well as the dry climate, should even- 
tually lead to the introduction of silk worm growing in the South- 
west. In fact, experiments made at Santa Fe on a small scale in 
this industry have been, very successful. 

The TerritoiT is celebrated for its grapes. The European, or the 
so-called California grapes, succeed well, and these at present are 
the kinds grown for the market. The native or American grapes 
are equally as satisfactory for commercial purposes, but are grown 
mostly for family use, and at Santa Fe excellent results have been 
obtained with the Diamond, Concord, Catawba and other native 
varieties, while in the Estancia Valley last year several thousand 
plants have been set out, these varieties being especially valuable 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 85 

on account of being drouth resisting and immune to the phylloxera. 
The European grape has been cultivated for over a century, but its 
culture, generally speaking, has been confined to the southern and 
hotter valleys, and particularly to the Kio Grande Valley, from the 
Texas line to Santa Fe. The varieties that constitute the commer- 
cial vineyards are the Missouri, Muscat of Alexandra, and, more or 
less, the Gros Colman and Flame Tokay. These grapes are shipped 
to the Texas, Louisiana and Colorado markets, where they have 
givf.n New Mexico a reputation for fine grapes. The Mission grape, 
while quite late in ripening, is the most popular, and possesses ex- 
cellent qualities as a table and wine grape, and is the grape of New 
Mexico at present. The Eio Grande Valley, and particularly the 
Mesilla Valle}', is especially suited to the grape, and when its possi- 
bilities in this direction are more fully understood by the people, 
New Mexico will become a vast grape producing section. The 
grape-shipping season extends from about the 20th of August until 
the last of September. This short season is due to the commercial 
grapes being all midseason varieties. Early and late ripening 
varieties need to be added to the large vineyards in order to extend 
the shipping period. There were 1,180 acres in bearing vines in 
1900, and 9,000 acres in young vines. 

Orchard Crops. 

There were 719,057 bearing fruit trees in 1900, which produced 
263,870 bushels of fruit. The value of all oi chard products in 
1899 was estimated at $197,335. It is double that this year, and 
there is a noticeable increase in the amount of dried and evaporated 
fruits, which indicates that the culls and unmarketable products 
are being more generally utilized. In the near future. New Mexico 
will surely be able to supply its own market with jams, jellies, 
marmalades, etc., manufactured from such fruits as usually go to 
waste, thus effecting a great saving, Eoswell, Farmington, Las Gra- 
ces and other points, having in recent years erected evaporating 
plants and fruit canneries. 

Results. 

At the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, an agricultural 
and horticultural exhibit from New Mexico received two gold med- 
als, three bronze medals, and five certificates of honorable mention, 
in competition with the rest of the North American, as well as the 
South American, continent. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion, at St-. Louis, peaches from Eoswell and Carlsbad received 
first premium in competition with peaches from California, and 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 87 

apples and ether fruit received honorable mention. The following 
figures are culled at random from reports in local newspapers, made 
to them by farmers and horticulturists, or by reports made to the 
Bureau of Immigration: The Casey ranch of 112 1-2 acres, 100 
acres of which are in alfalfa, one-half mile north of Las Cruces, 
had an average income per year since 1896 of $6,000. J. L. Wilson, 
of Eoswell, sold $800 worth of tomatoes from a two-acre lot, on 
which the net profit was $550. Samuel Johnston, on a three-acre lot 
at Eoswell, raised $2,500 worth of garden truck, one-half of which 
was profit. George Davis, from thirteen acres of fruit in Chaves 
County, in one year sold $1,807 worth. A. J. Glimour, of Flora 
Vista, San Juan County, sold $600 worth of onions from one acre. 
W. H. Williams, of San Juan County, harvested 350 tons of alfalfa 
from sixty acres. One apple tree in Otero Countj^ in 1900, yielded 
6,000 pounds, and a peach orchard of 3,000 trees yielded 200,000 
pounds. Andrew Stevenson, of the San Juan Valley, received 
$3,200 from an alfalfa crop of 100 acres. W. M. Farmer, of 
Eoswell, made $6,000 from twenty acres of celery. At the United 
States Industrial Indian School in Santa Fe, on three-fourths of 
an acre, 11,800 pounds of the best onions were raised, giving the 
school its entire winter supply of this important food vegetable, 
and which, if bought in the market, would have cost four cents a 
pound, or $472. The Territorial penitentiary at Santa Fe, on a 
plat of five acres, raised sufficient vegetables of all varieties, except- 
ing potatoes and tomatoes, to supply the officials and inmates, about 
300 in number, all the year round. 

G. W. Chisholm paid $22 per acre for land near Artesia two years 
ago. In 1905 he realized $30 per acre from his alfalfa crop, and 
his oats yielded 67 bushels for every bushel sown. His neighbor, 
S. W. Gilbert, in 1904 put 45 acres in alfalfa as a nurse crop and 
for winter pasture. He sowed at the same time two bushels of 
oats per acre. After selling some in the sheaf, and feeding some, 
he threshed 2,508 busliels, receiving therefor 50 cents a bushel. 
The oats were sowed in September, and not irrigated until late in 
the spring. On a mesa west of Capitan, Lincoln County, 10,000 
bushels of corn were raised without irrigation in 1905; this in ad- 
dition to a good crop of hay, potatoes and vegetables. The apple 
crop of T. C. Tillotson, Lower Penasco, Chaves County, paid him 
$44 net per tree, in 1905, receiving two cents per pound for the 
crop. One of his four-year-old Ben Davis trees yielded $88 without 
the windfalls. B: Cleve, of Elk, Chaves County, in 1905 had 161 
apple trees in bearing on one and a half acres, and they yielded 
him $1,800. in addition to 10.000 pounds of windfalls. From this 





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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 89 

section came apples weighing 23 ounces each. From the La Cueva 
Ranch in Mora County, in 1905, were sold 700,000 pounds of oats, 
90,000 pounds of apples, 4,000 tons of alfalfa and other hay, and 
1,500 head of heef cattle. In the Tesuque Yalley, a German less 
than twenty years ago took up a twenty-acre ranch and planted it 
in apples. His capital was $300, good health and a willingness to 
work. Today he is drawing $70 a month from money out on in- 
terest, he has a bank account of good proportion, his fruit ranch is 
valued at $9,000, and there is not a year that his fruit crop alone 
does not yield him from $2,000 to $4,000. These instances may 
be multiplied, and the average yields from such orchards as the 
Boquet orchard at Pojoaque, the Prince orchard at Angostura, the 
Hobart and Gould Ranches at San Ildefonso, indicate that as a 
money maker, a well cared for New Mexico orchard or farm is 
hard to beat. 

The following were among some of the exliibits at recent 
agricultural fairs in the Territory: Barley seven feet high; oat 
heads thirty inches long ; pears, nineteen ounces ; peaches, twelve 
ounces; Muscat grapes weighing twenty-five ounces' per bunch; 
nectarines weighing six ounces; watermelons, forty pounds; heads 
of cabbage, forty-two pounds; a bunch of nine sweet potatoes 
weighing eighteen pounds. The following are average yields per 
acre: Oats, seventy to one hundred bushels; corn, forty to sixty 
bushels ; barley, sixty to eighty-live bushels ; wheat, thirty to forty- 
five bushels; alfalfa, three to five tons; potatoes, 300 to 500 bush- 
els; sweet potatoes, 600 to 1,000 bushels; cotton, one bale; tobacco, 
1,000 pounds ; canaigre root, two to three tons ; onions, 500 bushels : 
sugar beets, sixteen to twenty-two tons, yielding from sixteen to 
twenty-two per cent of saccharine matter; Mission grapes, 112,744 
pounds, making 910 gallons of wine. One acre of asparagus, from 
the third year, yields 200 pounds a day for sixty days of each year. 
In Eddy County the average return for each acre of sugar beets 
was $67, and the average cost to the farmer, $22. Bees average 
sixty-five pounds of honey each year per hive, although as high 
as 196 pounds per hive have been realized at Artesia, Eddy County. 
The average profit per colony per year is $10. In years of amp3-f 
rainfall an immense amount of gramma grass is harvested on the 
public range, an acre yielding from two to three tons of hay. 

Hot Houses and Floriculture. 

Only a beginning has been made in the Territory in floriculture, 
land in raising early vegetables and flowers in hot houses. N'early 
every town offers a good opening to the right kind of men in that 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 91 

line. Eoses and a large variety of flowers do well in gardens, and 
carnations, chrysanthemums and many other flowers cultivated in 
the temperate zone, present no difficulties in cultivation. Early 
vegetables, strawberries and other fruits are imported from other 
commonwealths and bring prices sufficiently high to make it worth 
while to raise them in hot beds or in hot houses. 

Apiaries. 

With mild winters and abundant bee pasture, in the form of 
•alfalfa, tomillo, etc., the apiarian products have increased over 
sixfold in ten years, and are of considerable importance all over 
the cultivated areas. Bee culture and the production of honey are 
very profitable, and a pursuit" especially adapted to those who are 
able to do only light out-door work. Santa Fe, Taos, San Juan, 
Dona Ana, Chaves and Eddy Counties lead in the production of 
honey. 

Poultry and Poultry Products. 

Annually thousands of dollars are poured into the pockets of 
Kansas and Nebraska farmers in payment for poultry and eggs 
consumed here, yet the Territory is well adapted to the raising 
of poultry. It has most of the advantages with but few of the 
disadvantages of other sections. Insect pests are no worse, while 
disease is rare. Prices are high, being governed by the price of 
the foreign product plus the transportation charges, therefore the 
home product has the best of it. It is evident that the New Mexico 
farmer is taking advantage of these favorable conditions, for the 
number of dozens of eggs produced increased from 1890 to 1900 
from 280,000 to 840,000. yet there is need of a greatly increased 
production to supply the demands. 

Dairying. 

Dairying has kept pace with the demand in the vicinity of cities 
and towns where the products are sold in the form. of milk and 
cream. There is not enough butter and cheese manufactured, how- 
ever, to supply the needs, although there has been a considerable 
increase in their production. In 1889 there were manufactured 
105,000 pounds of butter and cheese; this number swelled to 
380,000 pounds in 1899. Eoswell and Farmington have cream- 
eries, and if there is any branch of husbandry that should pay 
well in 'New Mexico it is the dairy and creamery business. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 93 

THE STOCK INDUSTRY. 

Next to agriculture, the stock industry is the greatest source 
of wealth, in fact, as far as the area devoted to it, it leads. This 
is easily explained by the extensive private range, 50,000,000 acres 
of public range, and the fact that the climate is all that can be 
wished for by stock raisers. Many fortunes have been made in 
stock raising, and with each year the grade of stock is being im- 
proved, and thus becomes more valuable. 

Cattle. 

Over 1,000,000 cattle are on the ranges of the Territory, and 
m Chaves County are to be found some of the highest grade cattle 
in the United States, Herefords predominating. Chaves, Grant, 
Sierra, Luna, Otero, Dona Ana, Union, Guadalupe, Roosevelt, Col- 
fax, Eddy, Lincoln and Quay are the principal cattle raising coun* 
ties, and have many large cattle companies and individual owners 
in addition to smaller outfits. But it must be understood that the 
control of water means the control of the range, and it is not an 
easy matter for the stranger to come in and secure, at this day, 
sufficient public range for a large herd of cattle, although there 
is always room for a small bunch. • Om the extensive forest reserves 
especially, grazing permits can be secured at slight expense 
and a nominal charge per head, and, since the range on these is 
(protected, it is the best in the Territory. It is also found ad- 
visable to make more or less provision for winter feeding, to guard 
against unexpected losses. But with feeding during winter storms, 
with a good home ranch and water, the cattle business proves very 
profitable. The business of feeding beeves for market, while prac- 
tically untried, should prove very remunerative on account of the 
mild climate and the abundance of forage plants. During the vear 
1905 about 210,000 head of cattle and about 40,000 hides wer;; 
shipped to eastern markets. 

Sheep. 

There are between five and six million sheep upon the ranges. 
The mild winters, the grassy mesas and watered valleys, the shel- 
tered canons, help to make sheep raising very profitable. The wool 
produced annually is between 20,000,000 and 25,000,000 pounds, 
and as railroad facilities are ample, there is no difficulty in get- 
ting the wool clip to market. A moderate capital invested in 
sheep, a home ranch and ample range will bring success to the 
sheep raiser if he possesses good business tact and experience. In 
1905, for instance, most sheep owners doubled their herds by 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 95 

natural increase or were paid as much for their hinibs as their ewes 
were worth last fall, receiving for the unscoured wool as high as 
25 cents, and. for the scoured wool, 65 cents per pound. During 
the year 1905, about 2,150,000 lambs and wethers and about 2-4,- 
000,000 pounds of wool were sold to eastern markets. 

Goats. 

Equally as profitable and as free from difficulties is the raising 
of goats. Especially on the foothills and on the mountain mesas, 
goats do better than sheep. There are many thousand square miles 
of such pasture in the Territory. In Sierra, Lincoln, Otero, 
Santa Fe, and other mountainous counties, there are many large 
goat farms, much attention being given to high grade Angoras. 
Incidental to the profit from the hair of the Angoras, their skin 
and their meat, they will clear land from l)rush and thus make it 
available for cultivation. The goat is very hardy, can subsist upon 
a range that would starve any other animal, and is free from dis- 
eases which often play havoc with other stock. New Mexico, it is 
estimated, has 225,000 goats. 

Horses, Mules, Asses and Burros. 

Of late 3'ears there has been an increased demand for range 
horses, which New Mexico stockmen are in good position to supply. 
Some effort has been made to improve the blood of the horses, and 
the success attained should encourage more stockmen to enter this 
profitable business. The demand for mules for draught purposes 
is steadily growing. The burro has been at home in New Mexico 
for centuries, and has been the burden bearer in many districts 
where horses cannot be used profitably. The burro is very hardy 
and thrives upon pasture which would starve other stock. 

Hogs. 

Upon the Chisum ranch in Chaves County, hog raising upon a 
large scale has been very successful and profitable. The hogs are 
shipped to Kansas City, although almost every pound of pork sold 
in the Territory is imported. On a small scale, too, the raising 
of hogs has shown that the animals are freer from disease in the 
climate of New Mexico than anywhere else, and that they fatten 
rapidly on alfalfa and corn. 

MINING. 

Mining antedates all other industries of the Territory, and in 
importance as a wealth producer and employer of labor it stands 
secOiud only to agriculture and stock raising. Professor Fayetto 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. £7 

A. Jones, in New Mexico Mines and Minerals, enumerates more 
than 200 minerals found in the Territory. As early as 1540, Cor- 
onado invaded the Southwest in search of gold, and since then 
the stream of argonauts and prospectors has been large and steady, 
although, even to this day, this historic mining region has been 
but partially prospected and much less developed. Yet, New 
Mexico produced gold many years before any other portion of the 
United States, and the placers of Santa Fe County were worked 
systematically by white men two hundred years before gold was 
discovered in California. 

There are traditions of vast treasures buried at Gran Quivira, 
and under the ruins of other pueblo villages, but history records 
that the Conquistadores were disappointed in their efforts to locate 
a Golconda. There are a number of mines and prospects, now 
abandoned, which antedate the Pueblo Eevolution of 1680, but 
it was not until after 1800 that the systematic exploitation of 
mineral wealth began. In that year Governor Chacon said : "Cop- 
per is abundant and apparently rich, but no mines are worked, 
and coal is plentiful." Three years later Lieutenant Pike reported 
that there was only one mine in New Mexico, that at Santa Rita. 
To date. New Mexico has produced $30,000,000 worth of gold, and 
perhaps a little more of silver. The annual mineral production 
foots up $5,000,000, coal leading with almost $1,800,000; zinc 
being second with almost $900,000 ; copper, $700,000 ; iron, $500,- 
000; gold, $400,000; silver, $150,000; lead, $150,000; precious 
stones, $75,000'; all other minerals, $335,000^ Under the head of 
each county will be enumerated the principal mining camps and 
producing mines. 

Coal. 

The first coal mine worked in the Territory was near Carthage, 
Socorro County, in 1863, and was knowTi as the Government mine, 
although the widespread existence of coal beds was known as early 
as 1800; in fact, the outcroppings could not have escaped the at- 
tention of the earliest settlers. The second coal mine was opened 
at Madrid, Santa Fe County, in 1869. By 1870 coal was known 
to exist near Taos, on Galisteo Creek, near Hagan, on the Vermejo, 
in the Eaton Mountains, near Maxwell City, near Las Vegas, on 
the Rio Puerco, in the San Mateo Mountains, and near Fort Win- 
gate, but owing to the absence of railroad facilities and manufac- 
turing industries, only 400 tons were mined in that year. The 
area of the prospected coal lands is 1,500,000 acres, or about one- 
fiftieth of the total area of the Territory. It is thus seen that 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



99 



New Mexico is well endowed with fuel, the first requisite for suc- 
cessful manufacturing, smelting and railroading. The United 
States mine inspector reports olficially that the coal in sight 
in these prospected fields amounts to almost nine billion tons, and 
at the present rate of production, it will take 6,000 years to ex- 
haust the fields now kno^ni. Considerable of the coal is of a good 
coking quality, and the production of coke during the past five 
years was 200,000 tons. The coal produced during the same period 
was 7,000,000 tons, valued at $10,000,000 at the mines. Colfax 
and McKinley Counties lead in production. Lincoln County this 
year must yield third place to Santa Fe County, owing to the 
closing of its principal producer at Capitan, while Santa Fe 
County will, in the near future, yield that place to San Juan 
County, which has coal seams forty feet thick, and to which have 
been given railroad facilities. . Rio Arriba and Socorro Counties 
are steady producers of coal to the annual value of about $50,000 
each, and can increase that amount to meet the demand. Valencia 
County has extensive coal beds, and Sandoval County has mines 
that are developed to such an extent that they can produce 100,000 
tons per year. A railroad is now being built. to these mines. 
Many acres of coal land are still to be located under the federal 
laws, but as it takes capital to develop coal mines and the placing 
of their product, is to a certain extent dependent upon railroad 
facilities, their exploitation is best handled by corporations or in- 
dividhals with ample capital. The number of coal mines worked 
at present is forty, with new ones being opened every year and 
older mines being closed because it is more profitable to open 
a new coal seam than to ' work the old mines after they have 
reached a great depth. At Madrid, both bituminous and anthra- 
cite coal have been mined, and the Cerrillos apd Carthage coals are 
deemed the best, although those produced in the other mines are 
very good bituminous. The Dawson coal merits special mention 
for its quality. . In some of the coal fields the coal is lignite, and 
near Eoswell a bed of peat has been recently discovered. 



Zinc. 



It is only within very recent years that much attention has been 
paid to zinc mining, for a long time the Mineral Point Zinc Com- 
pany having been the only shipper of zinc ore out of the Terri- 
tory, but more attention is being given to that mineral today, and 
the Graphic, Key and other mines in Socorro County, formerly lead 
a,nd silver producers, are now shippers of zinc, while several other 
mines, which formerly deemed zine as an undesirable by-product 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 101 

hard to get rid of, are preparing to ship ore for its zinc contents 
mainly. Within the last few months the Tres Hermanos mining 
district in. Luna County has come to the front as an important 
producer. The annual production in the Territory is valued at 
$900,000, but is certain of continual increase. 

Copper. 

Next to coal among the minerals, copper has added most to the 
wealth of New Mexico, although at present the production of zinc 
exceeds it in value. Grant County produces ninety per cent of the 
copper mined in the Territory. Santa Fe, Dona Ana, Eio Arriba, 
San Miguel, Otero, Luna, Valencia, Socorro, Sandoval, Colfax. 
Union, Taos, Mora and other counties have deposits of copper 
and many copper locations, but few developed mines, the most 
important of these being located near San Pedro, in southern 
Santa Fe County, but this mine, together with its smelter, has 
been idle a number of years, although valued at $500,000. The 
total production of copper has advanced from 700,000 pounds in 
1897 to about 7,000,000 pounds in 1905; the total production 
during the past ten years having amounted to 55,000,000 pounds, 
valued at $6,000,000. 

Iron. 

While the iron deposits of New Mexico are extensive, only one 
of these is being worked, that at Fierro, Grant County, which pro- 
duces over 130,000 tons annually. Eastern Socorro, western Lin- 
coln, southern Santa Fe, San Miguel, Sierra, Otero, Sandoval and 
Colfax Counties, and other localities have prospected iron fields. 
The iron ore contains a high percentage of phosphorus, and when 
free from silver and copper, is excellent for steel making. The 
proximity of big fields of fuel should make iron mining one of 
the future wealth producers. 

Gold. 

Gold ranks fifth as a mineral producer of wealth in New. 
Mexico and is the easiest mined. There are but few counties along 
the eastern border and central portions, as well as San Juan 
County in the northwest, which do not lay claim to a steady gold 
production', and even in these, gold finds are reported from time 
to time, and colors are plentiful. Almost one-half of the gold pro- 
duced, which amounts to somewhat less than half a million dol- 
lars a year at present, comes from the placers. The richest and 
largest producer of placer gold is the Moreno Vallev, in western 





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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 103 

Colfax County, although the Territory has a dozen lode mines, 
which were bonanzas in their time. The Old and New Placers of 
Santa Fe County, with their historic cement and gravel beds, the 
Sierra County placers, near Hillsboro and in the Caballo foothills, 
the placers at Jicarilla, Lincoln County, at Jarilla, Otero County, 
near Silver City, Grant County, and the placers on the upper Eio 
Grande and the Chama are of varying degrees of richness and ex- 
tent and only partly exploited. The lack of water and of appro- 
priate machinery for the recovery of the gold from gravel, sand 
and cement are the chief hindrances in the way of redeeming the 
millions of dollars' worth of gold that it is estimated are contained 
in these placers. The production of gold has fluctuated violently, 
having been up to a million dollars a year in 1900, and down to 
$245,000 in 1903, the lowest point reached in the past two de- 
cades. Since then there has been a small annual increase. In the 
last ten A^ears the production amounted to $5,000,000. 

Silver. 

New Mexico, as late as 1902, produced over half a million dol- 
lars' worth of silver annually, and in 1896 the production was al- 
most a million dollars, but today the white metal is produced mostly 
as a by-product of gold, copper, lead and zinc, although at this date 
several of the old famous silver mines, are about to be reopened 
and worked with modern machinery, which will make the mining 
of silver profitable once more. Sierra and Grant Counties were 
the principal silver producers, several of the mines of that section 
having yielded fortunes. The production of the past ten years 
has been valued at $5,500,000. 

Lead. 

Lead has been a staple product ever since smelting operations 
were begun within New Mexico's boundaries. The average annual 
production is about 12,000 tons, but can be greatly increased, 
as the mineral exists in large bodies in Santa Fe, Socorro, 
Dona Ana, Grant, San Miguel, Luna and other counties, and is 
at present mined only as a by-product. The production was as 
high as 18,240,000 pounds in 1897, but dropped to 1,226,000 
pounds in 1903. The total production during the past ten years 
was 60,000,000 pounds, and during 1905 was valued at $135,000. 

Mica. 

Although only four or five States of the Union produce mica, 
the large deposits of that • mineral in New Mexico have been prac- 




GEM TURQUOISE MINE IN BURRO MOUNTAINS. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 105 

tically neglected. Outside of shipments from a few deposits at 
Petaca, Kio Arriba County, no large shipments of mica have been 
made, but as so much mica is imported, it seems probable that 
sooner or later the many mica deposits will be found of great 
value. It is used both in sheets and ground, and a good quality 
will bring $10 to $50 a ton. Lieutenant Pike in 1804 mentioned 
the large deposits of mica in Santa Fe County, which furnished 
the material for windows those days, as it was not until after 1850 
that glass came into general use. The settlement of Talco, Mora 
County, derives its name from the mica deposits, called "talco" 
by the natives. In addition to the mica deposits named, there 
are prospects north of Ojo Caliente, in Taos County; in the San 
Andreas Mountains ; at Nambe, in Santa Fe County ; in the Florida 
Mountains and in San Miguel County. 

Sulphur. 

In recent years New Mexico has produced some commercial sul- 
phur, a mill having been erected in the Jemez Mountains, San- 
doval County. However, it was one of the first minerals mined 
in the Territory, mainly to be used in the manufacture of gun- 
powder, Coronado having made use of sulphur mined at Jemez 
in the first half of the sixteenth century. In Lincoln and other 
counties and along the eastern border of the Territory the gypsum 
beds contain considerable sulphur. 

Alum. 

New Mexico has the largest alum deposits in the world. They 
are found on the upper Gila River, in Grant County, and include 
two thousand acres of pure alum. Another large deposit has been 
located twenty-five miles east of Wagon Mound, Mora County. 
West of Red River in Taos County, southeast of Springer, in north- 
western Sandoval County, and near Las Vegas in San Miguel 
County, the mineral also appears. 

Precious Stones. 

Among the precious stones enumerated by Professor Fayette 
A. Jones, in New Mexico Mines and Minerals, are the diamond, 
found in Santa Fe County, emeralds in Santa Fe County, peridots 
in the western part of the Territory, those found on the Zuni Res- 
ervation being pronounced the finest in the world, garnets in Mc- 
Kinley, Santa Fe and Taos Counties, opals in the Cochiti Moun- 
tains and at Santa Rita, sapphires in Santa Fe County, euclase 
near Taos, white agate, amethyst, tourmaline, quartz crystals. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 107 

camelian, moonstone and chalcedony are distributed widely. In 
the production of turquoise, New Mexico leads the world, rivaling 
Persia in the beauty of its gems and the extent of their deposits. 
In 1901 the Territory produced turquoise to the value of $100,000, 
the following year, $125,000, but during the past year the pro- 
duction declined to less than $50,000, owing to the desire of dealers 
to restrict production. The turquoise mines in Santa Fe and Grant 
Counties were worked by the Indians before the coming of the 
Spaniards. The principal producers of turquoise are the mines of 
southern Santa Fe County, the mines in the Burro Mountains and 
near Hachita, in Grant County, and in the Jarilla Mountains in 
Otero County. 

Petroleum. 

New Mexico thus far has not produced petroleum on a com- 
mercial scale, but indications point to extensive fields, and con- 
siderable experimental drilling has been done. New Mexico petro- 
leum has an asphaltum base. Indications of oil are especially 
promising in Eddy, Guadalupe, McKinley, Santa Fe, Sandoval, 
Colfax, Union, Lincoln, Otero, San Juan, Socorro and Luna Coun- 
ties, but at present the only development work is being done in 
Eddy County. In McKinley County, wells have been sunk for oil 
to depths of 900 and 400 feet respectively, while in Colfax County 
one well was bored to a depth of 2,650 feet, and another to 1,535 
feet without developing more than strong traces of oil and gas. 
Near Santa Eosa a well was sunk to a depth of 1,000 feet and 
at 700 feet yielded a small quantity of oil. 

Graphite. 

Near Eaton, in Tijeras Canon in Bernalillo County, and in Taos 
County exist deposits of graphite, those at Eaton being the most 
extensive. Not being of the purest quality, these deposits have not 
been worked extensively. 

Salt. 

The saline deposits of New Mexico are large and have produced 
salt from time immemorial, the Indians having sought these de- 
posits long before the advent of the Spaniards. The oldest and 
best known salt deposits are those of the big Salt Lake on the Es- 
tancia Plains in Torrance County. This lake also has heavy de- 
posits of bloedite, the only place in' the United States where this 
rare mineral has been found. It is a hydrous double sulphate of 
soda and magnesia. The Salt Lakes of the White Sands in Otero 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 109 

County, the Zuni Crater Salt Lake in Valencia County, which 
produces the hest salt in the Territory and is in a constant pro- 
cess of formation, having at present a deposit of several million 
tons, the Salt Lakes in western Socorro County and the Salt Lakes 
east of the Pecos in Eddy County, are the principal salt producers, 
although saline flats and salt springs occur in other parts. Thus 
far, none of this crude salt is refined for commercial purposes, but 
is used only to salt stock or by the poorer people as a substitute 
for commercial table salt. 

Cement. 

The extensive marl beds furnish excellent material for Portland 
cement. Such beds are located on the Estancia Plains in Torrance 
County and near Springer, Colfax County, where a plant was in 
operation several years ago, in eastern Lincolni County and at 
other points. 

Gypsum. 

One of the most widely distributed minerals in the Southwest 
is gypsum, but it is only lately that plants have been erected at 
Ancho, Lincoln County, at Alamogordo and at Eoswell to utilize 
the gypsum for the manufacture of artificial stone, cement, plaster 
amd imitation marble. Some of these gypsum deposits attain a 
depth of 400 feet and cover many square miles, especially in Otero 
and Lincoln Counties, but are found in every county of the 
Territory. 

Lime. 

Lime rock is as widely distributed as gypsum in New Mexico, 
although until recently the Territory shipped all its lime from 
Texas, Colorado and Kansas. The largest lime ovens at present 
are in Tijeras Canon, Bernalillo County. Large lime ovens were 
formerly operated at San Antonio, Socorro County. At or near 
most of the larger towns lime is being burned to a considerable 
extent. The lime deposits about Santa Fe are of an especially 
fine quality. 

Clay. 

Many varieties of clay are found, from the finest kaolin for man- 
ufacture of porcelain, to the splendid brick clays, found near Santa 
Fe and Socorro. The aborigines used the clay for pottery making, 
and its wide diffusion is shown by the pottery made at all of the 
Indian pueblos and found in the cliff dwellings and abandoned 
pueblos. At Santa Fe alone, machine-made brick is manufactured, 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. Ill 

while hand-made brick is made at Las Vegas, Farmington, Socorro 
and other points. At Albuquerque cement brick is being man- 
ufactured. 

Building Stone. 

Granite, sandstone, marble, rhyolite and other building stones 
are found and quarried in every county of the Territory. In the 
Sandia Mountains are splendid quarries of granite, sandstone and 
limestone; west of Las Cruces mottled marble is quarried; south- 
east of Lordsburg are deposits of rhyolite ; at Silver City limestone 
and dark marble are used for building material; near lied K«,^ck, 
Grant County, beautiful ricolite is quarried; Las Vegas has fine 
sandstone of various shades, which is taken out of four quarries ; 
Eaton has gray sandstone; Socorro, light gray trachyte; Lamy, 
an excellent sandstone; marble, granite and sandstone of good 
quality are found at "Santa Fe; Roswell has good sand and lime- 
stone; north of Ancho flint is fou^d, which takes a high polish; 
Gallup has cretaceous sandstone, while the marble quarries of Ala- 
mogordo are beginning to supply El Paso with superb building 
material; White Oaks has beautifully mottled marble and 'ine 
sandstone. 

Lithographic Stone. 

A quarry of lithographic stone is worked at High Eolls, in Otero 
County. Similar deposits are being developed at Toltec, in Va- 
lencia County, and a lithographic stone of good quality has been 
found in the Organ Mountains, Dona Ana County. 

Pumice Stone. 

Deposits of pumice stone are worked near Grants, Valencia 
County. West of Socorro there exists a large bed; in fact, owing 
to the wide extent of the volcanic formations of the Territory, 
pumioe, tufa and other volcanic sto'nes are widely distributed. 

Ochre. 

At San Pedro, Santa Fe County, are deposits of ochre, or min- 
eral paint. One of the purest beds is found in the Sandia Moun- 
tains, Sandoval County. From almost every county have come 
reports of the existence of deposits of mineral paint, but thus 
far these deposits have not been exploited to any considerable 
extent. 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 113 

Guano. 

Something like tliree thousand tons of guano have been shipped 
from bat caves near Lava Station, Socorro County, to California 
for fertilizing purposes, while a few shipments went as far as 
Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eddy and other comities similar deposits 
are found. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Xew Mexico has made but a beginning in manufacturing, al- 
though it presents every possible advantage for large industrial 
enterprises. There are large lumber mills and box factories at 
Albuquerque and Alamogordo, and numerous sawmills in the 
mountainous sections ; a door and sash factory at Albuquerque ; 
a woolen mill at Albuquerque; wool scouring plants at Albu- 
querque, Las Vegas, Eoswell and Tucumcari; breweries at Albu- 
querque, Alamogordo, Estancia, Las Vegas, Eaton, Gallup and 
Socorro; a foundry at iilbuquerque ; tie preserving plants at 
Alamogordo and Las Vegas; planing mills at Santa Fe and other 
towns; saw mills at various points in the timber districts; coke 
ovens at Dawson, Waldo and Van Houten; a distillery at Farm- 
ington ; canneries at Las Cruces, Eoswell and Farmington ; cream- 
eries at Eoswell and Farmington ; lime ovens at Tijeras, San An- 
tonio, Santa Fe and elsewhere; cemeMt plants at Ancho, Eoswell 
and Alamogordo ; brick yards at Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, 
Socorro, Farmington and elsewhere; artificial stone plants at Eos- 
well and Portales; smelters at Silver City and Deming, while ore 
treatment plants and concentrators are found in most of the pro- 
ducing mining camps; ice factories, steam laundries and electric 
light plants in most of the towns. There are large printing estab- 
lishments in the larger towns, and other small manufacturing 
plants are being established or have been planned. There are many 
large steam flouring mills and many small flour and grist mills, 
driven by water^ in the smaller towns and settlements. Here is 
room for vast expansion. New Mexico produces wool, hides, canai- 
gre, cement, lime, sugar beets, gypsum, rubber plants, gold, silver, 
copper, lead, zinc, iron and other minerals and other raw materials 
that many factories and mills must ship from a distance. It 
offers, in addition, abundant and cheap fuel, low priced land, 
water power, superior climate, good home markets and close prox- 
imity to Mexican and Pacific coast markets, railroad facilities, 
moderate priced labor, all of which are factors in conducting 
suecessfullv industrial establishments. Bv legislation, various 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 115 

branches of manuraetiire are exempted from taxatioai for the first 
few years after establishment, and the larger towns are always 
ready to tender inducements to manufacturers who desire to 
locate, while there is a total absence of that animosity to capital 
and enterprise that has caused such costly labor troubles in many 
manufacturing centers during late years. The opening is espe- 
cially promising for woolen mills, tanneries, shoe, glove, furniture, 
paper and beet sugar factories, cement mills, glass works, can- 
neries, distilleries, furnaces, iron and steel works and brick yards. 

Lum' er. 

One of the big industries of the Territory is the manufacture of 
lumber, and the number of saw mills in different parts is quite 
large, although many of them are only small power plants. About 
5,000,000 acres are covered with merchantable timber. Extensive 
lumbering operations are at present being carried on in the Sac- 
ramento Mountains in Otero County, there being saw mills, tic 
preserving and planing mills at Alamogordo; in Eio Arri'ja 
Count}', where a railroad has been built into the timber distrirr ; 
in Valencia and McKinley Counties, where the American Lumber 
Company is carrying on operations upon a large scale, the lumber 
being sent to a big mill at Albuquerque ; and upon a lesser scale 
in Taos, Santa Fe, Lincoln, Colfax, Sandoval, Torrance, San Mi- 
guel, Mora, Grant and other counties. New Mexico timber, which 
is mostly pine, is used in building operations and foi bridges and 
railroad purposes. Hundreds of thousands of pine and spruce 
railroad ties are cut annually. The establishment of extensive 
forest reserves has assured the future of the timber sup pi v, even 
though the cutting of timber on the reserves is much restricted. 

Railroads. 

Eailroad construction began in jSTew Mexico in 1879, and since 
then 2,500 miles have been built, while nearly 500 miles are under 
construction at the present time, not to speak of companies in- 
corporated to construct about one thousand miles more in the very 
near future. Today there is not a county without a railroad, while 
several counties enjoy the competition of several roads. The rail- 
road centers of the Territory are Santa Fe, Deming and Lords- 
burg, each having three railroads, all the lines at Santa Fe being 
terminals. Other towns have two lines, while a 'uaunber of others 
are situated at Junctions of main and branch lines. The principal 
system is the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, which, with its main 
and branch lines, reaches and penetrates Colfax, Mora, San Miguel, 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 117 

Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, Valencia, McKinley, Socorro, 
Dona Ana, Sierra, Grant, Lima, Chaves, Eddy and Eoosevelt Cour- 
ties, and with the Eastern Railway of New Mexico, now building, 
will, in addition, traverse Torrance, Valencia, Guadalupe and 
Lincoln Counties. It has a mileage of 1,100 miles in the Terri- 
tory and several of its depots are the finest structures of the kind 
in the Southwest. The larger towns that are along its lines are 
Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Raton, Deming, Las Cruces. 
Silver City, Roswell, Carlsbad, Gallup, Portales, Socorro, Mag- 
dalena, Belen, Springer, Wagon Mound, Cerrillos, Bernalillo, L/Os 
Lunas, Artesia, Hagerman and Texico. The coal camps of Van 
Houten, Blossburg, Gardiner, Johnson's Mesa, Madrid, Carthage 
and Gallup are tributary to it. Next in mileage, although one of 
the newest roads in the Territory, is the El Paso and Southwestern, 
which has 036 miles of track. It traverses the counties of Dona 
Ana, Luna, Grant, Otero, Lincoln, Guadalupe, Quaj', San Miguel, 
Mora and Colfax,^ and contemplates a railroad through San * Juan 
and McKinley Counties. The larger towns on its lines are Dem- 
ing, Alamogordo, Santa Eosa, Tucumcari, Tularosa, Lordsburg, 
Hachita and Roy, while the coal camps of Capitan and Dawson 
are tributary thereto. 

The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad has 300 miles of track, 
including a lumbering line in Rio Arriba County, known as the 
Rio Grande and Southwestern, and a line just built from Du- 
rango, Colorado, to Farmington, San Juan County, fifty miles of 
which are in New Mexico. With the exception of the latter branch, 
this mileage is narrow gauge. This company enters Santa Fe. 
Taos, Rio Arriba and San Juan Counties. The principal towns 
on its lines are Santa Fe, Espanola, Chama, Aztec and Farming- 
ton. The coal mines of Monero, Rio Arriba County, and in the 
La Plata section of San Juan Count}-, are tributary to the road. 
The Santa Fe Central has 120 miles constructed and in operation, 
and has sixty miles under construction. It traverses Santa Fe, 
Sandoval, Torrance, Bernalillo and Lincoln Counties, while con- 
templated extensions of 200 miles to Durango, Colorado, from 
near Albuquerque, and of 110 miles from Torrance to Roswell, 
will traverse Chaves, Rio Arriba and San Juan Counties, in addi- 
tion. The principal towns on this line are Willard, Santa Fe and 
Estancia. The Hagan coal fields are tributary to it. 

The Southern Pacific has 107 miles of track in the Territorv 
and traverses Dona Ana, Luna and Grant Counties. The prin- 
cipal towns on its line are Deming and Lordsburg. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 119 

The Eock Island system has 112 miles of track rimning through 
tTnion, Quay and Guadalupe Counties. Santa Rosa and Tucum- 
cari are the principal points on its line. 

The Colorado and Southern has 88 miles in the Territory, all 
in Union County, the principal towns on its line being Clayton 
and Folsom. 

The Colorado and Arizona railroad has surveyed a line from 
Durango, Colo., to Cochise, Ariz., the greater part of which will 
pass through Xew Mexico, traversing San Juan, McKinley, Valen- 
cia and Socorro Counties. 

The St. Louis, Eocky Mountain and Pacific Eailway, which has 
acquired and is working large coal deposits in Colfax County, is 
building a standard gauge railroad from Folsom, Union County, 
on the Colorado & Southern Eailway, to Elizabethtown, western 
Colfax County, via Eaton. Surveyors' are running an extension 
of this road from Elizabethtown to the Eio Grande Eiver. 

Various other companies have been incorporated or have sur- 
veyed lines that will be constructed at some future day, but upon 
which no actual work thus far has been done. 

A GENERAL INVITATION. 

Xew Mexico wants more people; it needs them; it has room 
and resources for them. It offers to immigrants a fine climate, 
free homesteads under the land laws of the United States, great 
natural resources; to the health seeker, health; to the tourist, 
scenic and historic attractions; to the sportsman, good fishing 
and hunting; to the summer and winter guests, the best sum- 
mer and winter climate on earth, hot and cold mineral springs, 
mountain retreats, ranch resorts, good hotel accommodations and 
the comforts and luxuries of modern communities ; to the farmer, 
good crops, not threatened by climatic vicissitudes; to the coal 
miner, permanent work and good pay ; to the prospector, extensive 
mineral deposits; to the mechanic and professional man, the same 
and better chances than any other country that is settling up, 
room on the top, if they deserve it ; to the stockman, a free range 
and the best climate "for stock raising; to the manufacturer, open- 
ings to establish factories and mills that should yield good profits ; 
to the real estate man, cheap land and a chance to make money 
by putting up modern residences, and to the capitalist, oppor- 
tunities to make more money and to buy anything that his heart 
may desire from a gold or copper mine worth a million dollars to 
a land grant as big as a European kingdom. 

Health seekers should come to Xew Mexico by all means. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 121 

They should come bofore disease has made inroads upon the sys- 
tem, if they want to be sure of recovery; they should come if the 
disease has advanced noticeably, for possible cure or a certain 
prolongation of life, but they should not come without means or 
provision to pay their way, the first year at least. The jobs for 
health seekers are few and far between, and a health seeker should 
not work for a living for a time after coming if he defsires to re- 
gain his health speedily. Living is about as reasonable in cost 
as anywhere else in the United States. The health seeker can live 
in a tent on a vacant lot, or out on the mesa, and if he cooks his 
own meals, living need not cost him $4 a week; at a tent city, a 
hotel or a sanitarium he can have lodging and board from $6 to 
$15 a week, and at private houses at from $5 to $10 a week. 

The laws of competition and trade are the same here as else- 
where. Fortunes are very seldom made in one day. The poor 
man who comes here must expect to work and to work hard for a 
living; the capitalist must invest and invest judiciously to make 
money. After this is said, however, it can be truthfully added 
that New Mexico offers great opportunities to the honest and in- 
telligent worker to hecome independent and to gain affluence and 
civil and political prominence; and to the shrewd and careful 
capitalist, greater and surer returns on his investments than any 
other section on the face of the globe. 

It is to the home seeker, to the farmer, to the stock raiser, to 
the miner, to the merchant, to the manufacturer, to the capitalist, 
that New Mexico is an undeveloped empire of magnificent re- 
sources, which throws a peerless climate into the bargain with the 
rich returns that are offered to the man with capital to invest, 
or with brain and brawn to apply. 

HOW TO OBTAIN PUBLIC LAND. 

Land is the basis of all wealth, and New Mexico is one of 
the few parts of the globe that has yet millions of acres for home 
seekers. Its public domain comprises 52.000,000 acres, all subject 
to one or th'e other forms of homestead, desert or mineral entries. 
The Territory also has extensive areas of land to lease or sell, 
while the Santa Fe Pacific Railway Company owns a large grant 
of land in Valencia, McKinley and San Juan Counties. Land 
can be bought cheaply from companies or individuals owning land 
grants, or from private owners. Land withdrawn under the Eec- 
lamation Act will be thrown open to settlers as soon as the con- 
templated reservoir projects have been constructed. 




CIMARRON CANON, COLFAX COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 123 

Requirements Under the Homestead Law. 

All men and single women over 21 years old, widows, deserted 
wives and persons under the age of 31 years, who are the heads 
of families, who are not the owners of more than 160 acres of 
land, and who are citizens or have declared their intention to be- 
come citizens of the United States, are qualified to make a home- 
stead entry. 

As a general rule but one homestead entry can be made by one 
person, but there are exceptions to this rule, under which a sec- 
ond homestead entry can be made^ to-wit : 

1. Anyone who, prior to June 5, 1900, made a homestead entry 
and for some reason failed to get title to the land, can now make 
a second entry. 

2. Any person who, prior to that date, made a homestead entry 
and commuted it or paid for the land, can now make a second 
entry, which, however, cannot be commuted. 

3. Any person who has heretofore made and proved up on a 
homestead of less than 160 acres, can now make a second home- 
stead entry of more land to make the full 160 acres. 

4. Any person who, prior to March 1, 1889, made a home- 
stead entry of less than 160 acres, and Avho is still the owner and 
occupant of the land, can now make a second homestead entry 
of enough adjoining land to nvake 160 acres, which will be pat- 
.ented without further final proof. 

5. Any person who has made linal proof on his homestead 
entry of less than 160 aeres can make an additional entry of 
enough land to make 160 acres, which need hot be contiguous to 
the land embraced in the original entry, provided he lives upon 
and cultivates said additional entry for the full period required 
by law and thereafter makes final proof as in his original entry. 

6. When land has been entered by a mistake, or where it proves 
to be of such a character that a living cannot be made on it, if 
not done through the fault of the entryman, a new homestead 
entry will be allowed. 

Homestead entry papers can be executed either at a United 
States land office or before the Clerk of a Probate Court, Probate 
Judge or a United States Court Commissioner of the county in 
which the land is situated, or they can be executed before the 
same officer of another county within the land district in which 
the land is situated, provided the entr}Tnan makes an additional 
affidavit to the effect that said officer was the nearest and most 
accessible one before whom entrv could be made. 











#»»"t 




THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 125 

The right to a tract of public land as a homestead can be se- 
cured by settlement, which will hold it for ninety days, when or 
during which time, entry must be made. 

On all homestead entries, made since July 26, 1894, final proof 
must be made within seven years after the date of the entry, or 
they will he canceled. Proof may be made any time after live 
years. Eesidence is absolutely required for five or seven years 
after date of entry. 

After fourteen months from the date of settlement, the home- 
stead claimant, if he has resided upon, improved and cultivated 
his claim during the last eight mo'nths, can make commutation 
proof and pay for the land at $1.25 per acre, if not within the 
limits of a railroad grant, or $2.50 per acre if within such limits. 

Soldiers who served in the war of the Eebellion, the Spanish, or 
the Philippine wars are entitled to have the time of their service, 
not exceeding four years, counted as residence on the land. 

If a homestead claimant dies, the land goes to the widow, if 
he leaves one; if not, to his heirs. Neither the widow nor heirs 
are required to live on the land but must keep up the cultiva- 
tion and improvements. 

The widow of a deceased soldier who never used his homestead 
right can make a soldier's homestead entry and is required to re- 
side personally on the land for one year. She must examine the 
land before making entry and must afterward improve and cul- 
tivate it for at least one year and this cannot be lawfully done 
through a lessee. 

If the widow of a deceased soldier is dead or has remarried, 
his minor children, through a guardian, can make a soldier's 
homestead entry. 

Abandonment or a change of residence from a homestead for 
six months or more, at any time, leaves it liable to contest, unless 
a leave of absence has been obtained. 

Laind unfit for cultivation or grazing purposes, or only valuable 
for its timber or stone, is not subject to homestead entry. Other- 
wise, as a rule, all public land, not mineral, may be so entered. 
The settler is required by law to make improvements upon the 
homestead and to cultivate part of the same during the period of 
residence. He must also make the tract his actual and bona fide 
residence and home. 

Expired Entries. 

Homestead entries made before July 26, 1894, expired by limi- 
tation of the law in eight years after the date of entry, those made 



THR LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 127 

since that dali', in seven years. Desert land entries expire in four 
years, the hinds then reverting to the United States. 

Sucli entries are not canceled imniediatel}- upon the expiration 
of the statutory period, and the land cannot be entered by another 
settler until such cancellation is secured. 

If the law has been fully complied with for five years on a 
homestead, it is possible to make final proof at any time before 
the cancellation of the entry. 

Contests. 

All entries requiring settlement or improvements are subject 
to contest where the entryman has failed to comply with the law. 
The successful contestant acquires a preference right of thirty days 
to the land covered by the entry he .contests, that cannot be se- 
cured in any other way. 

Six months' absence from a homestead, where there is no leave 
of absence, is a sufficient ground for contest, and especially where 
there is a lack of good faith shown as to improvements and 
cultivation. 

It is not necessary to go to the land office to commence a con- 
test. Contest papers can be drawn up before a United States 
Court Commissioner or a Probate Clerk in the county in which the 
land is situated. 

Miscellaneous. 

It is no part of the duty of registers and receivers of land 
offices to prepare the papers required by settlers or by persons in- 
tending to make homestead or desert land entries. Generally they 
have not the time without neglecting their proper official duties; 
and if they had, it would often be improper for them to prepare 
papers upon the validity or legality of which they are afterwards 
to decide. The law requires that all applications, affidavits, etc., 
shall be presented to these officers properly drawn up and signed. 

The land embraced in a homestead entry cannot be levied upon 
and sold for any debt contracted before the patent is issued. 

In signing papers to be used in the land office, always sign one 
Christian name in full without abbreviation. 

To make a lawful entry of any kind, the settler must have been 
upon the land he seeks to enter, so as to be able to answer to its 
non-mineral character. 

To fence in public lands to which a settler has no claim, or to 
otherwise exercise exclusive control over them, is unlawful and 
subjects the offender to a fine and imprisonment. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 129 

Land Office Fees. 

Before linal proof can be made on a homestead or desert land 
entry, application must be made in the laud office and a notice 
secured, which must be published in a newspaper to be designated 
by the Eegister. 

This application and notice must give the names and postoffice 
addresees of four persons, two of whom will be witnesses in making 
proof. Thereafter and upon due publication, final proof can be 
made at the land, office or before a United States Court Commis- 
sioner for the county, or a Probate Clerk or Probate Judge at the 
county seat of the county wherein the land is situated. 

In Kew Mexico land office fees are as follows : 





Acres. 


Land. 


Land. 


Homestead land 




$ 2.50 


$ 1.25 


Payable when application is made. . . 


40 


8.00 


6.50 




80 


11.00 


8.00 




120 


19.00 


14.50 




160 


22.00 


16.00 


Payable when final proof is made. . . . 


40 


3.00 


1.50 




80 


6.00 


3.00 




120 


9.00 


4.50 




160 


12.00 


6.00 



Soldiers who served ninety days or more in the war of the Ke- 
l^ellion, or in the Spanish or Pliilippine wars, or if dead, their 
Avidows or minor children have the privilege, not accorded to any 
other persons, of filing on a homestead, either in person or through 
an agent. 

Within six months from the date of filing, the soldier must be- 
come a resident of the land and make his home upon the entry. 

Desert Land. 

Every qualified person, a resident of New Mexico, may enter 
320 acres, or less, of desert land that can be reclaimed by irriga- 
tion. Desert land is held to be land without a growth of natural 
timber, on which ordinary crops will not grow and mature with- 
out irrigation. 

A married woman can make a desert land entry, if it is for her 
own use and made with her own money. The settler must pay 25 
ceilts an acre when the entry is made. He must expend not less 
than $1 per acre each year for three years in procuring water foi 
irrigation and in permanent improvements and must cultivate one- 
eighth of the land entered. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 131 

Before the expiration of one year, after the date of the entry, 
the entryman must file in the land office a corroborated sworn state- 
ment showing how the $1 per acre has been expended. A failure 
to file this statement, within the specified time, is good ground 
for contest. 

Within four years from date of his entry, the claimant must 
prove its reclamation and pay a further government fee of $1 per 
acre. 

Desert land entries can be assigned to any qualified person who 
has never made or held an entry, and the assignee can comply with 
the law and make the final proof. 

320 Acre Limit. 

The entry of agricultural land is restricted to 320 acres by any 
one person, under any or all of the agricultural land laws. For 
instance: If a 320-acre desert entry is made, a settler is not en- 
titled to a homestead, or if a homestead entry of 160 acres is made, 
a settler can then only enter 160 acres more for a desert entry. 
However, this does not apply to script entries nor to isolated tracts 
purchased at public sale. 

Coal Lands. 

Coal is abundant in the Territory and is found, as far as is dis- 
covered, in vast fields in Colfax, San Juan, northern Rio Arriba, 
Sandoval, Santa Fe, McKinley, Valencia, Lincoln and Socorro 
Counties. 

Coal Land Entries. 

Lands more valuable for coal than for any other purposes may be 
paid for by any qualified person at $10 per acre where they are 
situated more than fifteen miles from any completed railroad, or 
$20 per acre if within fifteen miles of such railroad; or, instead 
of paying for the land at once, the applicant may within sixty days 
after possession or settlement, file his declaration of intention to 
purchase, which will hold the land for fourteen months from date 
of settlement. Applications to file or purchase must be sworn to 
by the applicant, but all other matters pertaining thereto can be 
done by an attorney-in-fact. Assignments of the right to purchase 
are recognized. 

Script Entries. 

Soldiers' and sailors' additional homestead rights are now assign- 
able and can be located by the assignee upon any land subject to 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 133 

homestead entry. These rights come in 40, 80 and 120 acres sizes, 
and are now selling at from $8 to $10 per acre. 

Other kinds of script are issued by the General Land Office 
of the Department of the Interior which can be located upon 
unappropriated public lands of the United States by simply filing 
in the proper land office' with an affidavit describing the land 
sought to be entered and proving that the same is of a non-mineral 
character and worth more for agricultural purposes than for 
minerals. 

These can be purchased from land script brokers and range in 
price from $6 to $40 per acre, according to value. Certain kinds 
of script can be located on unsurveyed land. Most classes, hovr- 
ever, can only be used on surveyed lands. 

Oil Lands. 

Lands supposed to contain petroleum may be entered under the 
placer mining laws. One person can locate a claim of twenty acres 
and an association of eight persons can locate a claim of 160 acres. 
There is no limit to the number of claims a person or association 
of persons can take. 

One hundred dollars' worth of work must be done on each claim 
on or before the last day of December of the year following the cal- 
endar year in which the location is made, or the claim is liable to 
be "jumped." 

All mining claims can be sold and transferred by deed and the 
transferee can secure the patent. 

Amendments. 

If a tract of land has been filed on or entered by mistake, with- 
out fault or carelessness of the claimant^, the error may be corrected, 
on application to the general land office, even, after patent has been 
issued, if the error is not discovered before. 

Repayments. 

When an entry has been canceled for conflict, or for any cause 
has been erroneously allowed and cannot be confirmed, the amount 
of purchase money, fees and commissions paid will be refunded on 
proper application to the general land office. 

« Leave of Absence. 

Any homesteader who, by reason of failure of crops, sickness or 
any other unavoidable casualty, is unable to make a living for him- 
self and family on his claim, can secure a leave of absence not ex- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



135 



ceeding one year. Application, under oath, must be made to the 
register and receiver, corroborated by two witnesses, clearly setting 
forth the grounds upon which the request is made. 

There are no blank forms for these applications. In each case 
the 'application must be carefully drawn to cover the facts in that 
particular case. 

Any settler who for any reason is obliged to leave his claim for 
a time should report the facts and circumstances and ascertain if 
he is not entitled to a leave of absence. 

When a leave of absence is granted, the time the settler is absent 
must be made up at the end of the five years. 

Relinquishment, 

Homestead or desert land entries may be relinquished in whole or 
in part at any time. If a claimant has complied with the law in 
good faith, he"' has the right to offer for sale and sell his right and 
improvements, and such offer is no ground for contest. 

The relinquishment may be indorsed upon the receiver's receipt 
or made upon a proper blank form, and acknowledged the same as 
a deed. The receiver's receipt for the entry should be attached, or, 
if it be lost, affidavit to that effect should be made. 

Lost Receipts. 

When a settler has lost or mislaid his final receiver's receipt, and 
wishes to secure his patent from the land office, he must make affi- 
davit of such loss and that he is the present owner of the land. 
If the land has been sold, the actual owner, by making the required 
affidavit, can secure the patent. 

Territorial Lands. 

Sections 16 and 36 in each township are school sections and be- 
long to the Territory; these are leased by sections and are under 
the supervision of the Territorial Land Commissioner. In addi- 
tion to these, the Territory is the owner of large bodies of land 
in various parts of New Mexico. These lands are also in charge 
of the Land Commissioner at Santa Fe, and can be leased or pur- 
chased, and, in some cases, will be appraised and sold. 

Citizenship. 

W^hen an entry of any kind is to be made, evidence of citizenship 
will be required! If the applicant is native born, his own affidavit 
of that fact-will be sufficient. But if he was not born in the United 
States, in addition to his own affidavit, he must furnish a copy of 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 137 

his declaration of intention to become a citizen, or of his certificate 
as a citizen. 

Land can be entered with script of any kind, or final proof can 
be made on a desert land entry or a homestead can be commuted 
by an alien who has only declared his intention to become a citizen ; 
but an alien must have taken out his last citizenship papers before 
he can make final proof on a homestead. 

Settlers on Unsurveyed Lands. 

Settlers on unsurveyed land who desire to perfect their titles can 
secure the survey of the township in which their claims are situated 
by applying to the United States Surveyor General of New Mexico 
and stating fully the necessity for such survey. Such application 
must be made by not less than three actual residents of the town- 
ship to be surveyed. This official will consider the application and, 
if funds are on hand and it is deemed for the best interests of all 
concerned, survey will be ordered by the General Land Office and 
made as speedily as practicable. Actual settlers, after such survey 
is completed, approved and the lands in the township declared to 
be open for entry, have priority right of entry for ninety days after 
such date, but such settlers should avoid the possibility of litiga- 
tion by making entry immediately upon the filing of "the plat in 
the local land office. 

A Hint to Settlers. 

Persons desiring to settle upon the public domain in New Mexico, 
either as homesteaders or upon desert entries, must "rustle" for 
themselves in order to find suitable quarter-sections for such 
locations. 

The choicest lands in. the Territory along the water courses, great 
or small, permanent or transitor}^, are now about all in private own- 
ership, title having been derived from confirmed Spanish or Mex- 
ican land grants or under the public land laws of the United States. 
Still, by careful search, even in the oldest settled sections, good 
locations for homesteads may yet be had. 

Reservoirs and Ditches. 

Under the act of March 3, 1891, any person, company or corpo- 
ration may locate a reservoir or reservoir site and ditches on public 
land for the purpose of irrigation, and can obtain a right to the 
same and fifty feet each side thereof that cannot be disturbed by 
any person or persons who may afterwards obtain title to the land 
on which such reservoir and ditches are located. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 139 

In order to secure such right a careful survey of the reservoir^ 
ditches and laterals must be made, connecting them with the gov- 
ernment surveys of land and a map of such survey must be filed 
in the land office. 

A later law authorizes any person to file on 160 acres of land 
for the construction of a reservoir for watering stock, and filings 
under that act have been made. 

But, as the instructions of the General Land Office prohibit the 
fencing of the land and require the reservoir to be left open for 
public use, there is very little inducement for the construction of 
such reservoirs. 

By a recent act of Congress the Secretary of the Interior is au- 
thorized to expend all of the receipts from the sale of government 
lands in the construction of reservoirs and ditches to be used for 
irrigation and reclamation of arid lands. 

When the site of such reservoir is selected, the lands that can be 
irrigated from it will be subject only to entry under the home- 
stead laws, and each entry will be charged with a water right, pay- 
ment for which is to be made to the government by yearly instal- 
ments during a period of not to exceed ten years, and patents can- 
not be secured until the water right is paid for. 

The reclamation service of the Geological Survey of the Depart- 
ment of the Interior is now actively engaged in the construction of 
a reservoir called the Hondo reservoir, thirteen miles west of Eos- 
well, in Chaves County, where about thirteen thousand acres will be 
brought under irrigation. The United States Reclamation Service 
also has decided upon the construction of a reservoir in the Valley 
of the Eio Grande, named the Elephant Butte reservoir, which, 
when completed, will irrigate over a hundred and seventy-five thou- 
sand acres between the Elephant Buttes and a point about thirty 
miles south of El Paso, Texas. This land is situated in Sierra and 
Dona Ana Counties in Kew Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas. 
There is also under contemplation the construction of a reservoir 
to irrigate ten thousand acres near Las Vegas, in San Miguel 
County; another project under consideration is the construction of 
a reservoir west of the La Plata Eiver, in San Juan County. The 
Eeclamation Service will expend $625,000 in repairing and en- 
larging the Pecos Valley irrigation system in Eddy County, just 
acquired by the federal government from the Pecos Irrigation 
Company. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 141 

Forest Fires. 

By an act of Congress, approved Ma}' 5, 1900, very severe penal- 
ties are imposed upon those who start forest fires on the public do- 
main, either wilfully or carelessly. The maximum fine is $5,000, 
or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both. 

Campers should always take notice that, by the same act, any 
person who builds' a fire on public land, in or near a forest or other 
inflammable material, must, before leaving, totally extinguish the 
same. Any person failing to do so is liable to a fine not exceeding 
$1,000 or imprisonment for not more than one j^ear, or both. 

Railroad Lands. 

The Santa Fe-Pacific Eailroad Company is the owner of an ex- ' 
tensive land grant made by the United States of America forty 
miles north and forty miles south of its line between Albuquerque 
and the western boundary of the Territory. This grant consists 
of each odd section in each township within its area, namely : Sec- 
tions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ■ 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 
27,. 29, 31, 33 and 35. There are numbers of quarter-sections 
Mdthin this grant suitable for homesteads. The necessary informa- 
tion concerning purchase, etc., of such quarter-sections from the 
company can be ascertained by addressing the treasurer of the At- 
chison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway Company, Topeka, Kansas. 

To Find Vacant Lands. 

The settler should select the locality in which he wishes to locate, 
and then get a township plat or plats showing the vacant land, 
which will enable him to examine such tracts as may seem desir- 
able. The plat of the particular township in which his location 
may be situated can be procured by application to the Register of 
the United States Land Office of the district wherein the land is 
situated, and will have to be paid for at the rate of from $1 to $4 
per plat, according to the amount of work necessary thereon, by 
the intending settler. 

U. S. Land Offices. 

There are four United States Land Offices in this Territory at 
which homestead and desert land entries, as well as all other filings 
and entries, may be made upon the public lands contained within 
their districts. They are Santa Fe, Clayton, Las Cruces and Eos- 
well. By addressing the Eegister or Eeceiver at these land offices 
more particular information as to the land embraced within the 
districts and which is still open to entry, can be obtained. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 143 

Jurisdiction of Land Offices. 

The United States Land Office at Santa Fe has jurisdiction over 
the public lands in the following counties : Santa Fe, Taos, Eio 
Arriba, San Juan, Sandoval, Bernalillo, McKinley, Valencia, the 
greater part of Torrance, and parts of San Miguel, Guadalupe, 
Mora, Colfax and Socorro. 

The Clayton Land Office has jurisdiction over the public lands 
in the following counties : Union and Quay, the eastern portions of 
Colfax, Mora, San Miguel and parts of Guadalupe and Eoosevelt. 

The Land Office at Eoswell has jurisdiction over the public lands 
in the following counties : Chaves, Eddy and Lincoln, the greater 
part of Eoosevelt and parts of Otero and Torrance. 

The United States Land Office at Las Cruces has jurisdiction over 
the public lands in the following counties : Dona Ana, Sierra, 
Grant, Luna and the greater part of Socorro and Otero. 

How to Reacli the Land Offices. 

By rail, the four land offices can be reached as follows: Santa 
Fe, via the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe from the north, east, 
south and west ; via the Denver & Eio Grande from the north and 
west; via the Santa Fe Central Eailway from the east and south. 

Clayton, via the Colorado & Southern Eailway from the north 
and south. 

Eoswell, via the Pecos Valley & Kortheastern Eailway from the 
north, east and south. 

Las Cruces, from the north, east, south and west via the Atchison, . 
Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway. 

IVIaps and Township Plats. 

There are no maps showing public lands open for entry. There 
are so many millions of acres of these that it is not practicable 
to make maps for that purpose. Township plats can be examined 
in the four land offices in the Territory, namely, Santa Fe, Clayton, 
Eoswell and Las Cruces, and the lands open for entry in the dif- 
ferent townships can be found thereon. It is impracticable for the 
Bureau of Immigration or the officials of the four United States 
land offices to give definite information concerning the public lands 
in townships to persons desiring homes in New Mexico, or wishing 
to make homesteads or desert land entries, unless the township, 
range and section are furnished. The number of townships con- 
taining public lands open to entry amount to many hundreds, and 
in each township there are 144 quarter-sections of an average of 




PERRY'S RANCH NEAR SANTA FE. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 145 

160 acres, and the task of giving delinite information concerning 
connties or land districts cannot be undertaken by any official, 
especially as there is a considerable portion of the pnblic domain 
which is nnsiirveyed. 

Forest Reserves. 

The Department of the Interior has established six forest re- 
serves in New Mexico to conserve th-e headwaters of its largest 
streams. These are the Pecos, the Gila, the Jemez, the Lincoln, 
the Magdalena and the San Mateo Reserves. Lands have been 
withdrawn for the establishment of the Burro Mountain Reserve. 
Five million five hundred thousand acres, mostly mountain and 
forest, are included in these reserves, although they also contain 
agricultural, mineral and grazing lands. Permits for grazing cat- 
tle and sheep and, in some instances, goats, upon the reserves are 
granted by the Department of Agriculture upon application and 
the payment of a small per capita fee. These reserves are also 
natural game preserves and contain many fine trout streams. They 
are coming into favor as summer resorts and are of inestimable 
benefit to the Territory, both for the conservation of waters as 
well as for the preservation of timber and game. 

The Indians. 

There are 13,000 Indians in the Territory, 9,000 of them Pueblos 
or town Indians. Of the others, the Jicarilla Apaches number 800 
and occupy a reservation im Rio Arriba County. The Mescalero 
Apaches number 450 and occupy a reservation in Otero County. 
The Navahos number about 3,000 in New Mexico, and occupy a 
reservation in the northwestern part. The Pueblos have reserva- 
tions of their own and are the most advanced of all Indian tribes, 
being husbandmen and self-supporting. The Apaches and Navahos 
have made considerable advance in civilization and till the soil or 
are owners of herds of cattle, sheep and goats. Some of them find 
employment as section men on the railroads or work in the sugar- 
beet fields of Colorado. They are law-abiding and send their chil- 
dren to the reservation or training schools provided by the Indian 
office. 



PART IV. 

CLIMATE.— MINERAL AND HOT SPRINGS. 
ATTRACTIONS FOR TOURISTS. 

"Climate is Fate !" exclaimed Helen Hunt Jackson, when racked 
with pain and in the grasp of the insidious destroyer, consumption. 
She sought the climate of California and of Colorado and was much 
benefited. Had she sought the climate of New Mexico, perhaps 
she might have lived another decade and have given the world an- 
other "Ramona." Thousands have risen to bless the sunshine, the 
invigorating and dry air of New Mexico, and thousands have died 
because they knew not of it or came too late to be restored. 

As the altitude gradually declines from 8,000 feet in the north 
to 3,000 feet in the south, the climate is modified as far as the mean 
annual temperature is concerned, but otherwise it is the same in 
the north as in the south, the sharp winter winds of the north being 
tempered by the warm sunshine and dry air; and the higher tem- 
perature of the south being moderated by the latitude, the dry air 
and the invariably cool nights. There is no other commonwealth, 
not even Colorado, with its high winds and greater annual pre- 
cipitation, nor Arizona, with its hot dust storms and great varia- 
tions in daily temperature, although both possess a fine climate 
that is a specific for lung trouble, that can compare its climatic 
advantages with those of New Mexico. The Territory until recently 
knew of no cases of native consumption, and in the higher altitudes 
and in certain localities^ of no enteric diseases, no malaria, no 
diptheria, no croup, no mosquitoes, no blizzards, no oppressiv'3 
summer days or nights. At Santa Fe in winter, on sunny day.^ rhe 
temperature in the sun runs up from fifty to eighty degrees, and 
in the summer the shade temperature never exceeds ninety degrees 
except once or twice in a decade, ninety-seven degrees being the 
highest temperature on record in thirty years. Even a tempera- 
ture of ninety-seven degrees, on account of the great dryness of 
the atmosphere and the invariably cool summer nights, is not so 
oppressive as a maxinmm temperature of eighty degrees at Chicago 
or New York. At Carlsbad and Las Cruces the mean temperature 
for January is forty-four and forty-t.wo degrees respectively, and 
in July a little less than eighty degrees, giving the extremes of 
the mean temperatures for the year in southern New Mexico. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 149 

The days of sunshine in eveiy year average from 300 to 320, 
partly cloudy days from twenty-five to forty-five, and cloudy days 
from twenty to thirty, there heing more cloudy days in summer 
than in winter; no other commonwealth in the United States 
has an average sunshine record equal to that of Xew Mexico, 
and for that reason it is known as the ""'Sunshine Territory." The 
year 1904 was by no means a favorable one as far as climate 
goes, yet the official record of the United States Weather Bureau 
at Santa Fe shows that there were only sixteen cloudy days dur- 
ing the entire year. The sunshine averaged 80 per cent of the 
total possible amount, or a total of 3,554 hours, almost ten hours 
of sunshine every day — spring, summer, fall and winter. In the 
month of December, when most needed, the sunshine percentage 
reached its maximum, 98 per cent. In October and N'ovember, 
other cool months, it was 96 per cent. August, when cloudi- 
ness is grateful, had the minimum record, 69 per cent. The fol- 
lowing average is the monthly sunshine record for the past fifteen 
years: January, 76 per cent; February, 71; March, 73; April, 
78; May, 75; June, 79; July, 69; August, 73; September, 77; 
October, 81; November, 80; December, 79; average for the fifteen 
years, 77 per cent. 

These are official statistics of the United States Weather Bureau 
and not manufactured to bolster up claims to superiority of climate 
which facts will not sustain. These same records show that the 
precipitation during 1904 was 14.19 inches, nearly twelve inches 
occurring during the months from June to October, inclusive, 
while during the other seven months it did not amount to three 
inches. The wind movement during ,the year averaged less than 
seven and a half miles an hour, while the maximum velocity re- 
corded was forty-six miles an hour, and there was but one other 
record of a velocity greater than forty miles an hour. The relative 
humidity, an important factor of salubriousness, reached only 42 
per cent. The highest monthly average was 61 per cent, caused 
by unusually heavy rains on a few days in October. In April of 
1904 the remarkably low average of 28 per cent was recorded. Not 
a single fog was observed at Santa Fe during the year. The tem- 
perature of 1904, at Santa Fe. averaged 49.3 degrees, which, ac- 
cording to a carefully considered formula of the United States 
weather bureau, is equal to 65.4 degrees at sea level. The 
coldest month was January, with an average of 27.4 degrees, but 
an average in the snn of 53 degrees. The warmest month was July, 
with an average of 69 degrees. The highest temperature recorded 
was 86 degrees, on Julv 10. The lowest was zero, on December 27. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 151 

The mean daily range in teniperatnre was only 22.1 degrees, while 
the greatest daily range recorded was only 35 degrees. This equa- 
bility in the teniperatnre is a great factor in the comfort of health- 
seekers and of well persons, and helps to make Santa Fe the great- 
est climatic summer and winter resort on the western continent. 

It has been stated by medical writers that tuberculosis can be 
treated successfully in any climate. All experience is against such 
a conclusion. It has been demonstrated beyond question that cer- 
tain sections of the United States possess climatic characteristics 
which are peculiarly adapted to the successful management of the 
disease. The so-called arid regions of the great southwest, which 
comprise portions of southern Colorado, all of Kew Mexico and 
Arizona, together with that part of western Texas known as the 
"Llano Estacado," may be included in this favored section. The 
vast and salubrious stretch of country, which is so many times 
alluded to as a "land of sand, sagebrush and cacti," possesses in 
an almost unlimited degree those very elements which observation 
has proved to be of the utmost value in the treatment of tuber- 
culosis. 

Where medicines have failed the elements are succeeding-. A 
pure atmosphere, containing an abundance of oxygen and elec- 
tricity, in conjunction with a large amount of sunshine, is today 
fulfilling in an eminently satisfactory manner the mission hereto- 
fore mapped out for such agents as cod liver oil, creosote and the 
various medicinal concoctions known as serums. 

The importance of climate as a factor in the treatment of pul- 
monary tuberculosis is daily manifesting more and more its value, 
whether takein separately, or coupled with the various specific plans 
of therapy now advocated and employed in this important branch 
of practice. Physicians are informing themselves more widely 
upon this vital question, and the experiences gained by the prac- 
titioner living amidst such ideal climatic conditions as exist in New 
Mexico are being looked upon with more interest and kindly con- 
sideration than heretofore has been accorded them. 

The consensus of opinion, as expressed by the leading authorities 
on tuberculosis at the International Congress held at Moscow, 
Russia, a few years ago, and later at London, England; Madrid, 
Spain, and at Atlanta, Georgia, was unanimously in favor of the 
climatic treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis over all other methods 
considered. 

The southwestern section of the United States has thousands 
of residents who came as tubercular patients, some of them a- 
long as twenty-five years ago. They are today, and have been for 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 153 

many 5'ears, in good health, have married and reared children who 
are to all appearances ahsolutely free from tubercular disease. 

Animals, as well as the human race, are likewise remarkably free 
from tuberculosis in this region, as has been shown by the re- 
searches of Herrera and Lopez in Mexico, where the climatic con- 
ditions are practically similar to those existing in IsTew Mexico. 
These investigators report that they have found but forty-five cases 
of tuberculosis in cattle out of 73,000 killed and examined at the 
government abattoir in the City of Mexico. 

It may be stated in a general way that all specific plans of thera- 
peutic treatment thus far suggested for the cure of tuberculosis, 
and especially of the pulmonary form, have failed, so that one must 
look to nature rather than to the laboratory for the weapons to 
combat this enemy of the race. 

The early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is of the utmost 
importance, for it is in the beginning of the disease that the greatest 
benefit is derived in the largest proportion of cases from the climate 
or the out-of-door plan of treatment. 

New Mexico is essentially a '^and of sunshine and blue skies." 
Here there is a dry and bracing climate, with no extreme heat or 
cold, a climate which, for the most part, admits of an existence out 
of doors almost all the year round. It is these qualities of air and 
sky that have caused this favored region to be known today over 
the entire civilized world as the "Land of Sunshine." The peculiar 
adaptability of such a climate to the successful management of 
consumption and other diseases of the \wags and respiratory tracts 
is causing invalids to flock here in great numbers, experience and 
observation having demonstrated beyond further question the fact 
that the sea coast resorts have proved dismal failures in exercising 
either a corrective or retarding influence upon the diseases men- 
tioned above. 

In the past few years the medical profession, as well as the laity, 
has been made aware, through various channels, of the vastly 
superior climatic conditions existing throughout the Territory of 
ISTew Mexico, and patients ,are seeking relief here by the hundreds 
where formerly they came only by the score. 

The famous Dr. Osier, recently much in the public eye, says: 
"The requirements of a suitable climate are a pure atmosphere, an 
•quable temperature not subject to rapid variations and a maximum 
amount of sunshine. " Given these factors, and it makes little dif- 
ference where the patient soes. so long as he lives an outdoor life. 
The purity of the atmosphere is the first consideration, and it is 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 155 

this requirement that is met so well in the moiintaiais and the for- 
ests of A'^ew Mexico. 

The problem of the prevention of the further spread of tuber- 
culosis and its ultimate and complete eradication from the human 
race will be solved when physicians realize the importance of at 
once placing the patient suffering from, or threatened with, this 
disease, in a suitable climate. Childrein inheriting this peculiar 
condition of the cellular structures and cell elements known as a 
tubercular tendency will develop, in a favorable climate, a cell an- 
tagonism to the disease which can never be acquired in a climate 
where tubercular diseases are more common and one which favors 
the causes that lead to tubercular disease. 

It is generally conceded by writers upon bacteriology that cli- 
matic conditions play a most conspicuous part in both development 
and retardation of microbic life. Epidemic diseases which have for 
their vehicles certain condi\ions of the atmosphere, such as heat 
and moisture, constantly demonstrate their power of spreading 
contagion, the moisture contained in the air being the chief factor 
in preserving the vitality of the germ. 

To anyone familiar with the extreme climatic difference between 
the Atlantic coast states and the Southwest, the great role played 
by the climate in each locality named, will at once become strik- 
ingly apparent to the most indifferent observer. Epidemics, such 
as la grippe, so fatal and destructive in their train of sequelae, are 
little known in New Mexico. This is rather remarkable, in view 
of the fact that the majority of the people live in a humble and 
primitive state, scarcely ever employing any modern sanitary pre- 
cautions to guard against epidemic invasions. The climatic condi- 
tions existing throughout the Territory and in the mountain regions 
more especially, the rarity and purity of the atmosphere, together 
with the almost constant direct rays of the sun, are the most 
powerful bactericides known to science today. A climate where dis- 
carded animal and vegetable substances undergo prompt and rapid 
desiccation after l)rief exposure to the atmosphere, with but little 
manifestation of decomposition, argues most strongly against bac- 
terial development. The tuberculus bacilli lose their infective 
power in a very short time after exposure to the sun's rays in the 
arid atmosphere. This clearly explains the curative effect of cli- 
mate upon pulmonary tuberculosis. Constant inhalation of what 
may be properly termed an aseptic atmosphere, in time, brings 
about in the pulmonary tissues, inflamed by tuberculous deposits, 
that very desiccation effected upon animal and vegetable substance 
exposed directly to the air. 









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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



157 



Although there arc many invalids, principally persons with tuber- 
culosis, there is not a case of tuberculosis on record in New Mexico 
that was communicated from the diseased to the healthy through 
the medium of the atmosphere. That the native people of this 
section experience such wonderful immunity from tuberculosis, 
especially of the respiratory tracts, must have its explanation in the 
very favorable climatic conditions surrounding. 

In order to derive all possible benefit from such a climate as 
that of New Mexico, the health seeker should live out of doors. 
If he has the strength to get about at all, the best he can do is to 
go into the pine forests and camp out. The nomadic life of the 
tent dweller is the best treatment for incipient pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. It is ofteai a grave mistake for an invalid to seek a change 
of climate in a place where he has no friends, no occupation, noth- 
ing to distract his mind from himself and his malady. In a few 
months he exhausts the possibilities of mere curious interest in 
unfamiliar surroundings, and then he strolls about alone or with 
chance acquaintances until he becomes weary of the town and the 
monotony of his existence. Homesickness ensues, the mental dis- 
ease sometimes counterbalancing the climatic benefit, and the 
health seeker in desperation returns to his home, preferring the 
certainty of death among friends to the possibility of a prolonged 
existence under unsupportable conditions. If such a health seeker 
would procure a saddle horse, pack animals, and a camp outfit and 
go into the mountains with a good guide and agreeable companions, 
he would find no monotony, and no homesickness, but would gain 
strength and buoyancy of spirit and 'never know a dull hour. A 
year of out-of-door life in the dry, bracing air of New Mexico will 
arrest many a case of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis, if the 
sufferer has the necessary strength and vitality to begin such a 
course of treatment and takes ordinar}^ precautions against undue 
exposure and over exertion. 

Recognizing the superior climatic advantages of New Mexico 
for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, the United 
States government has established, and now has in successful oper- 
ation, two large sanitariums, one operated under the auspices of 
the War Department and the other under the United States Marine 
Hospital Service. 

The action of the government in establishing its great sanita- 
riums for the treatment of consumption in New Mexico is a far 
greater and stronger eulogy on the climatic advantages of this Ter- 
ritory than anything that can be said or written upon the subject. 

Since the establishment, six vears ago, of the two government 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 159 

sanitariums, one at Fort Bayard, and the other at Fort Stanton, 
hundreds of soldiers and sailors, afflicted with tuberculosis, have 
been' cured by the climatic treatment, which is the chief feature at 
both of these establishments. Liberal appropriations have been 
made by the national government for enlarging and improving both 
of these institutions, 'and they are destined to make a record in the 
future by the large and increasing per cent of cures they are effect- 
ing. Fresh air in abundance, both night and day, is the first and 
most important factor in the treatment. Coupled with this are 
sunshine, healthful and abundant diet, moderate exercise, amuse- 
ments and recreations of a suitable character. These constitute the 
plan followed at both places, and they are proving each d^y the im- 
mense advantages they possess over the old methods of treatment. 

Another triumph for Kew Mexico climate as a factor in the cure 
of consumption was achieved when, in the early summer of 1905 
the representatives of the Associated Fraternities of the United 
States, after a searching and personal investigation of the climatic 
features of the Southwest, selected Las Vegas Hot Springs for the 
site of the Fraternal Sanitarium for the cure of consumption. The 
leading fraternal organizations of the United States have promised 
their aid, and it is planned ultimately to take care of thousands of 
healthseekers at this sanitarium, which will be conducted upon the 
cottage, tent and outdoor plan. Almost a million dollars' worth of 
land and buildings has been acquired for that purpose, and the re- 
sults promised would have been deemed impossible a few years ago. 

Private sanitariums are being established and this is a sure in- 
dication that at last capitalists, as well as scientific men, are begin- 
ning to admit in a practical way that New Mexico has great possi- 
bilities in this respect. 

At Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Silver Cit}^, Las Cruces 
and other points, are now in successful operation excellent sani- 
tariums conducted by private individuals. Add to these the various 
mountain resorts and springs where camp life is a feature, it will 
be readily seen that at the present time much excellent provision 
is already made for health seekers, whereas only a few years ago 
everything of this kind 'was extremely crude. Special attention is 
given at all these places to making the dietary varied and whole- 
some. This, with abundant sunshine and pure mountain spring 
water, constitute a trinity hard to surpass in the treatment of con- 
sumption. 

'^Sunmount,'' beautifully situated in the foothills southeast 
of Santa Fe, is the pioneer tent city of this region and the most 
important. Great care in the selection of the site has repaid the 




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I— I 

O 
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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 161 

managers, and the demand for accommodations increases daily. The 
latest" sanitary tent is in use there, and its construction is so 
ideal for the purpose that it permits of a comfortable life in the 
open air during the entire j'-ear. Grand scenery, eonsitant sunshine, 
pure water from mountain springs, a generous cuisine, competent 
medical supervision, trees with health-giving properties, like the 
spruce, cedar, pine and the Australian red gum or eucalyptus, to- 
gether with the altitude of 7,000 feet and the pure mountain air, 
form a strong combination of health and life-giving elements not 
to be found elsewhere, perhaps, on the continent. "Sunmount" is 
surely destinied to become the most noted health and pleasure resort 
in the entire southwestern country. A common mistake about this 
country is that it is a ver}^ expensive place to live in. At "Sun- 
mount" excellent tents comfortably furnished are to be had at $10 
and $15 per month. 

Charles E. Linney, section director for New Mexico, of the 
United States Weather Bureau at Santa Fe, speaks as follows 
of the New Mexico climate : 

"It is easy to say that the climate of this or that place is the 
finest in the w^orld; it is less easy to show reliable facts and figures 
to bear out the statement, and it is least e.asy to convince the self- 
satisfied public that some other spot can be, or is, the more fa- 
vored ; facts, however, if they are facts, should be given credence. 

"It is with these barriers in view that a few facts (and simple 
figures) regarding the climate of central and northern New Mexico 
are presented, this vast empire being in many respects nicely 
typified by Santa Fe, local contour, latitude and altitude being 
considered. 

"Discarding fractional finesse, the annual mean temperature of 
Santa Fe (obtained from 33 years of carefully compiled records by 
the United States Weather Bureau) is 49 degrees, a degree higher 
than that of Chicago, the same as that of Boston, a degree lower 
than Denver, six degrees cooler than Asheville, North Carolina 
(which has the same latitude), seven degrees cooler than St. Louis, 
and twemty degrees cooler than Jacksonville. This comfortable 
average, too, is the result of balancing 29 degrees, the coldest month 
(January) with (59 degrees, the warmest month (July). In 32 
years the temperature has never risen to 100 degrees, the highest 
record being 97 degrees in the month of August, 1878, and since 
the following year it has not touched 95 degrees; the average num- 
ber of da}'s each year with 90 degrees or higher is but two. The 
average daily maximum temperature (afternoon reading) of the 
warmest month (July) is but 81 degrees, while the average night 



• THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 163 

temperature of this month is but 57 degrees, a summer temperature 
far more "comfortable than that of St. Louis, Washington, New 
York, Boston, Chicago, Denver or St. Paul, and only approached 
by the cities that nestle beside the frigid waters of Lake Superior. 

"On the other hand, winter is not bleak and cold; the average 
winter temperature is 31 degrees, just below the freezinig point. 
The temperature of the night falls to or below freezing a little 
over one hundred times each year, wdiile zero temperatures are 
rarely recorded. The lowest actual record is 13 degrees below zero 
ini December, 1879, and in January, 1883; many winters pass with- 
out a record of zero temperature. 

"The annual precipitation (including rain, snow, sleet and hail) 
is 14.3 inches; Denver the same; Chicago, 34.8; St. Louis, 41.1; 
Asheville, 42.5; Washington, 44.8; Boston, 45.0, and Jacksonville, 
54.1 inches. While the rainfall is low, it should be borne in mind 
that 62 per cent of the amount occurs in the spring and summer 
months, leaving the fall and winter months dry and invigorating. 
July is the wettest month, averaging 2.8 inches, while but 0.70 of 
an inch (or less) are measured in ISTovember, December, January, 
February and March. The average number of days with 0.01 of 
an inch or more of precipitation is 81, against 111 at St. Louis, 120 
at Chicago, 121 at Boston, 122 at Washington,' and 127 at Jack- 
sonville. These figures for Santa Fe, however, do not represent 
days with continuous rain^ but rather days with showers of short 
duration, for a day with continuoi:s rain is practically unknown. 

"The sunshine of Santa Fe is proverbial; there is annually re- 
corded 77 per cent of the possible amount, against 69 per cent at 
Denver, 65 per cent at St. Louis, 59 per cent at Washington, 54 
per cent at Boston and 53 per cent at Chicago. With all of these 
cities, excepting Denver, Colorado, the greatest amount of sunshine 
occurs in summer, while here the highest percentage is in the fall, 
spring and winter, in the order named — expressed differently this 
means that there is a partial veiling of the sun's rays during the 
heat of the summer, but a full and free bestowal of its glorious 
rays during the remaining nine months of the year. Occasionally, 
the amount of sunshine reaches the marvelous total of 98 per cent 
of the possible 100 per cent (December, 1903), and 96 per cent 
in October, and also in November, 1903, and it has never fallen 
below 48 per cent (February, 1905). In actual hours of sunshine 
the record averages 3,352 hours in a year, 9.2 hours for each day. 

"The average relative humidity is slightly below 46 per cent; 
it is highest, slightly below 55 per cent, in January, and lowest, 33 
per cent, in June. The annual relative humidity at Denver is 50 




m 



1 V 






THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 165 

per cent; at St. Louis, 70 per cent; at Boston, 72 per cent; at 
Washington, 73 per cent; at Chicago, 77 per cent, and at Jackson- 
ville, 80 per cent. For the warmest months of the year — June, 
July, August amid September — the average at St. Louis is 66 per 
cent; Chicago and Boston, 75 per cent; Washington, 75 per cent, 
and Jacksonville, 83 per cent ; in other words, the humidity during 
the heiat of the summer in the eastern cities is considerably greater 
than the annual average, while just the opposite condition prevails 
in Santa Fe, where it is a dry heat, thus always free from enervat- 
ing effects. 

. "The average hourly wind movement is low (6.9 miles per hour), 
and it is rare indeed that a storm velocity (40 miles an hour or 
higher) is attained, there being but thirty-seven such records in 
twenty-one years. There is aio record of the wind ever having at- 
tained a velocity of 60 miles an hour at Santa Fe. 

"Summarized, the climate may be described as one that is mild 
and equable, much given to sunshine, free from great heat, high 
winds, humidity, and debilitating effects so noticeable in the central 
and eastern cities, free also from the cold, snow and storms of 
other northern cities, a climate of clear skies, small rainfall, few 
storms and those of short duration, one which is usually warm in 
the sun in winter and cool in the shade in summer." 

Mineral and Hot Springs. 

New Mexico is not only blessed with a climate that is a boon to 
healthseekers, but it also possesses mineral and hot springs whose 
waters have curative powers that are wonderful. 

Among the hot springs which ought to rank among the most re- 
markable in the United States are those at Ojo Caliente, Taos 
County, north of Santa Fe, and 6,290 feet above the sea level. 
There are four of these springs in a small area, each peculiarly 
adapted for the cure of particular diseases. The dissolving power 
of their waters is very great and they are especially recommended by 
physicians for rheumatism, gravel and other calcareous affections, 
gout and other kidney, stomach and blood disorders. The tempera- 
ture of the springs varies from 90 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit, and 
the largest is classed as a chalybeate spring, as it carries a large 
amount of iron carbonate. Its waters contain 1,686.84 grains of 
alkaline salts to the gallon, and no organic matter. The fourth 
spring of the group pours forth lithia water. The combined flow 
of these springs is 300,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. Ojo 
Caliente is reached by a short stage ride from Barranca on the 
Santa Fe-Antonito branch of the Denver and Eio Grande Railroad. 






.'^v-''S: ^"*- 



'S^?'^^ 



';f ': • ■ 4#* 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 167 

Owing to the volcanic nature of tliat part of Taos County, it has 
other thermal springs, among the best in the Territory being those 
known as Wamsley's Hot Springs. They are located in a deep 
gorge of the Kio Grande on the road from the station of Tres 
Piedras, on the Denver and Eio Grande Railroad, to Taos. The 
water is lukewarm and in that respect similar to another group of 
mineral springs situated at Glenwoody, eighteen miles south. 

At Las Vegas Hot Springs, San Miguel County, 6,767 feet abov« 
the level of the sea, six miles from the City of Las Vegas, is a 
group of hot springs, whose waters resemble those at the famous 
hot springs at Teplitz, Austria, although their two chief active 
constituents, carbonate and sulphate of sodium, recall the waters of 
Carlsbad. There are forty of these springs. The waters from 
the different springs vary in temperature from 75 to 144 degrees. 
Their character is mostly alkaline-saline, although they vary from 
saline to lithia and sulphur. They are especially potent in stomach 
disorders, intestinal and liver troubles, kidney diseases, gout, dia- 
betes and kindred ailments. Mud baths and poultices for swollen 
joints due to gout and rheumatic difections, from the black, tena- 
cious mud about the springs, prove very efficacious. The water is 
conveyed by pipe into the bath houses and natatorium. Adjoining 
the springs is the palatial Montezuma hotel, which is the 
headquarters for the Fraternal Sanitarium for Consumptives, 
which also has control of the springs and bath houses. The springs 
are reached from Las Vegas by electric railroad and are located on> 
the famous Scenic Highway that is partly completed between 
Santa Fe and Las Vegas. 

There are two groups of fine medicinal springs less than fifty 
miles directly west of the City of Santa Fe, in the Valles Mountains, 
and they are counted among the most efficacious mineral waters 
to be founid in the Rocky Mountains. They are situated in the 
picturesque San Diego Canon in Sandoval County, and are known 
as the Jemez and the Sulphurs, or the upper and lower Jemez 
springs. The lower group embraces ten springs varying in tem- 
perature from 94 to 168 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature of 
the hottest of these is the highest of any spring in the Territory. 
Their altitude is 6,620 feet. The waters of the hottest and largest 
spring run about fifty gallons per minute, with escaping carbonic 
acid gas and depositing white carbonate of lime. One spring, with 
waters of 103 degrees, carries free carbonic acid gas, and its deposits 
are reddish brown. A third spring, of ll9 degrees, is impregnated 
with sulphuretted hydrogeni and iron. The other springs of the 
lower group are impregnated with sodium, lime and magnesia. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 169 

Their solid constituents arc about .24 per one hundred parts of 
water. 

The upper sprinos, or Sul})liurs. are situated two miles above the 
lower group, at an altitude of 6,740 feet, and their temperature 
varies from 70 to 1U5 degrees. They flow from eaves of lime, form- 
ing a ridge 30 feet high and 200 feet long, and varying in size 
from a few rndies to twenty feet in height. The waters are strongly 
impregnated with sulphur and resemble those of Marienbad. The 
springs are both mud and vapor, and their principal constituents 
are chloride of sodium, sulphate and carl>onates of soda, lime and 
magnesia. They are especially potent in rheumatic and syphilitic 
disorders. Their solid constituents are .3726 to every one hundred 
parts of water. Hotel accommodations have been provided at both 
groups. 

In the same section of country is the San Ysidro mineral spring 
near Jemez, Avhose waters are carbonated and carry .5632 parts of 
solids in every one hundred parts of water, mostly sodium chloride, 
sodium sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron 
carbonate with traces of silica, potassa and lithia to every one hun- 
dred parts of water. 

Four to six miles west of the Sulphurs are the San Antonio 
Springs, which resemble the Jemez Springs and are equally effica- 
cious in kidney and stomach disorders. 

The mineral spring at Carlsbad, Eddy County, has the largest 
flow of any mineral spring in the Southwest. It is located two 
miles above the town. Its flow is about 5,500 gallons per minute 
and its waters are of medicinal value in cases of kidney trouble 
and dyspepsia. The waters resemble those of the Friedrichshalle 
Sprudel at Carlsbad, Bohemia, they being aperiemt and alterative. 
The famous Austrian spring, however, is heavy in magnesium 
chloride and carries but a small amount of carbonate of lime, while 
the Carlsbad spring is destitute of the magnesium compound and 
is heavily impregnated with carbonate of lime. The solids amount 
to 155.25 grains to the gallon, consisti'ng of over 50 grains of salt, 
44 grains of Glauber's salts, 22 grains of Epsom salts,- over 17 grains 
of sulphate of lime, 14 grains of carbonate of lime, while silica, 
iron, alumina and carbonate of magnesia exist in snuill quantities. 

In the Eocky iVrroyo, Eddy County, is a sulphur spring that car- 
ries 90.47 parts of solids in every 100,000 parts of water, aind 
besides the magnesium sulphate is impregnated with carbonate 
of lime, sulphate of lime, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, silica 
and alumina. 

The sulphur springs near the Bottomless Lakes, Chaves County, 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 171 

carry 2,528 parts of solids in every 100,000 parts of water, and 
the sulphnr spring on the Berrendo Eiver in the same county, 
carries 297 parts of solids in every 100,000 parts of vrater, 148 parts 
being commomi salt, 72 parts calcium sulphate, 35 parts magnesium 
sulphate, 17 parts calcium carbonate, 5.5 parts 'silica and one part 
alumina. 

Penasco fSpring, Chaves County, has faint traces of sulphuretted 
hydrogen and is a good aperient, being impregnated with calcium 
sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, 
silica and alumina. 

The water of Water Grove Spriug, on the San Juan Mesa, sixty 
miles north, of Eoswell, is described as truly wonderful by the 
chemists, who claim that it has no equal in New Mexico for the 
cure of gout and rheumatic affections. Its main constituent is 
sodium chloride and potassium sulphate, although it is also heavily 
impregnated with potassium carbonate, sodium chloride, calcium 
carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and shows traces of silica and 
alumina. 

Excelleirit hotel accommodations have been provided at the Fay- 
wood Springs, Grant County, three miles from Faywood Staition, 
on the Santa Fe Eailway. The water is 142 degrees Fahrenheit 
being among the hottest in the Southwest. It is efficacious in cases 
of rheumatism, stomach and kidney troubles, and blood and skin 
diseases, resembling the waters of Carlsbad. The altitude is 5,782 
feet. The spring flows from the top of a come forty feet high, 
which has been built by the solids in the water. The reservoir 
around the spring is fifteen feet across and very deep. The water 
of the spring is alkaline and it flows 6,000 gallons an hour. Each 
gallon has 39.59 grains of solids, soda predominating, the other 
constituents being carbonate of lime, sulphates, silica, chloride, 
magnesia, potassa, iron and alumina. 

A group of hot springs, six miles north of Faywood, has a tem- 
perature of 150 degrees. 

Another group of hot springs is found in Grant County at OJo 
Caliente, on the Mimbres River, fifteen miles north of Mimbres 
postoffice. 

Commercially, the Coyote Mineral Springs, fourteen miles south- 
east of Albuquerque, in Coyote Canon at the foot of the Sandias, 
are perhaps best known in the Southwest, for 35,000 bottles of 
their waters are annually exported. Their waters are mildly laxa- 
tive and diuretic and are a specific in gout, rheumatism, dyspepsia, 
kidney and liver troubles. There' are three groups, the Harsch, 
the Chaves and the Topham springs. In 100,000 parts of water 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 173 

of the Harsch Iron Springs, there are ahout 180 parts of solids, 
chiefly sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, 
sodium sulphate, potassium sulphate, iron, silica and alumina. The 
Cottontail Spring of the same group has only 147.0 parts of solids, 
the Chaves Spring 153 parts, and the Topham Artesian Spring only 
88 parts. The last two named carry free carbonic acid gas in 
quantity. 

Whitoomb Sprimgs are situated at the foot of the Sandias, in 
Tijeras Canon, eighteen miles east of Albuquerque. The water of 
these springs carries a little over 11 grains of solids to the gallon, 
the chief constituent being calcium carbonate. 

On the Tejon grant, at the foot of the northern slope of th;-; 
Sandia Mountains, are hot springs which have not been analyzed, 
but are reputed to be of great medicinal virtue. 

Near Folsom, Union County, at an elevation of 6,500 feet, on the 
Colorado and Southern Eailroad, are hot springs of great medicinal 
value. ISTeaT by is beautiful Mount Capulin, with one of the most 
perfectly formed craters to be found in the Southwest, and is a 
famous landmark. 

Four miles east of Santa Fe, in the foothills of the Sangr;"! de 
Cristo range, and a few hundred yards from the Scenic Highway, 
are the Aztec mineral springs. Their principal constituents are 
calcium carbonate, magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium 
sulphate, sodium chloride and silica, while the water contains 
emough carbonic acid gas to retain the carbonates of calciv.m and 
magnesium in solution as bi-carbonates. Formerly these waters 
were bottled and a hotel was maintained at the sprii^gs, but of }ate 
they have been abandoned, owing to the removal of their owner to 
the City of Mexico. 

At Las Palomas, in Sierra County, is a remarkable hot spring, 
cures almost miraculous having been effected by its waters in 
rheumatic affections. It is reached from Engle on the Snnta Fe 
line, or from Lake Valley. The principal constituents are chlorides 
and magnesia, while the waters are impregnated to a lesser extent 
with lime, carbonates, soda, sulphates, potash, magnesia and silica. 

No county in the Territory contains so many hot springs as Taos. 
There is a goojd sulphur spring at Eio Pajarito with a temperature 
.of 68 degrees. The water contains carbonic acid, hydrogen sul- 
phide, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, calcium and magnesium 
carbonates. 

At Ojo Sarco on the Eio Grande, miorth of Santa Barbara, Taos 
County, is a fine group of mineral springs. In the same county, 
three miles north of Ojo Caliente, are soda springs. Five miles 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 175 

south of Taos as well as between Penaseo and Mora on the Rio 
Pueblo, are sulphur springs of rare medicinal virtue. 

Socorro County boasts of a large number of hot and mineral 
springs, the most noted being the Gila Hot Springs, situated on 
the upper Gila and Diamond creek, in the southwestern part of 
the county. They carry 27 parts of solids in evevy 100,000 parts 
of water, the chief constituents being soda and potash carbonates, 
silica, sulphuric acid combined with lime amid potash and ferrous 
sulphate. 

The City of Socorro is supplied with mineral water by its 
water works. The water has a temperature of 93 degrees, and 
flows" from the foot of the eastern slope of Socorro mountain. The 
flow is 700,000 gallons every twenty-four hours. The waters are 
alkaline, the solids amounting to 17 grains per gallon, the chief 
constituents being potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium 
carbonate, silica, sodium chloride and magnesium carbonate. 

Other noted springs in Socorro County are found at Caballo, five 
miles from old Fort McEae. Their waters are 136 degrees Fahren- 
heit. On the San Francisco river, in the 'southwestern part of the 
county, are springs with water heated to 130 degrees. ISTear the 
mouth of Diamond creek, in the same part of the county, are 
springs of 151 degrees. Four miles south of the Carrizo valley is 
a group of soda sprir.igs, and near Cherryville and Canada Alamosa 
are the Ojo Caliente Springs, the waters of which are mineralized 
and have a temperature of 85 degrees. 

In Torrance County are alkaline springs, notably the Dog Lake 
Spring not far from Estancia, the water of which is impregnated 
with 556 grains of magnesium sulphate, 437 grains of calcium sul- 
phate, 65 grains of potassium sulphate, 36 grains of magnesium 
chloride, 1 grain of alumina and 171 grains of volatile inatter in 
every gallon. 

Valencia County has its quota of hot and mineral springs. A 
saline soda spring is situated on the Antonio Sedillo graint near the 
settlement of Quelites, on the northeast bank of the San Jose River. 
The water is tepid, highly charged with carbon dioxide, and 
carries considerable iron. The flow is small, however, and 
comes from the top of a mound reared by its mineral deposits. 
The water is especially beneficial in stomach afnd kindred ailments. 
It is impregnated with 1563 grains of solids to every- gallon. The 
chief constituents are sodium chloride, 786 grains; sodium sul- 
phate,. 561 grains; calcium carbonate, 138 grains; potassium chlo- 
ride, 16 grains; sodium bicarbonate, 14 grains; magnesium, 57 
grains; iron, 4 grains; silica, 2 grains, and traces of sodium bro- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 177 

mide, sodium iodide, sodium borate, sodium phosphate, lithium, 
barium sulphate, alumina and manganese. 

Ten miles north of Coolidge, McKinley County, are the Stinking 
Springs, which are classed among the soda springs, although sul- 
phuretted. West of the Mesa Lucero, in McKinley County, are 
sulphur springs, while the springs at Ojo Caliente, twelve miles 
southwest of Zuni, have great repute among the Pueblo Indians 
for their medicinal virtues. 

In McKinley County there are mineral springs three miles east 
of Gallup, and another group fifteen miles west of Fort Wingate, 
the latter being alkaline. The waters of the Ojo Azufre, twenty 
miles west of Fort Wingate, are sulphuretted. 

There are mineral springs eighteen miles east of Abiquiu in 
Rio Arriba County, and soda springs four miles southeast of 
Petaca, in the same county. In the Chusca Valley in that county are 
sulphur springs, and warm springs have been located at the head 
of San Diego Canon', above the Jemez springs. 

Three miles northeast of Las Vegas, east of the Great Ranch, 
are alkaline and sulphuretted springs, while ten miles west of Santa 
Fa are iron springs, claimed to equal in medicinal virtue those at 
Manitou, Colorado. 

On Salado Creek, four miles south of San Ysidro, Sandoval 
County, have been discovered soda springs, and a similar group is 
situated thirteen miles northeast of Isleta, Bernalillo County. 

This is only a list of the better known and most accessible of 
the hot and mineral springs in New Mexico, whose healing waters 
have stood the test of time. Ko matter to what point the health- 
seeker goes, in the mountains, in the forests, or the plains, he is 
certain not to be far away from springs whose waters are healing 
or curative of many ailments to which the human flesh is heir. It 
is only at the more prominent springs, however, that ample hotel 
accommodations have been provided, but the climate of every part 
of the Territory is such that tent life at or near amy of the springs 
mentioned, is practicable the year round. Waters not mineral- 
ized are rather the exception than the rule in the Territory, and 
therefore the pure drinking water furnished the City of Santa Fe, 
or the soft water of the Estancia Springs, are noteworthy. The 
water derived from the mountain streams, especially in the north- 
em part of the Territory, is also very pure. Among the better 
known springs of pure water are Patterson's Springs, western So- 
corio County; Horse Springs, western Socorro County; Gallina 
Springs in eastern Lincoln County; the Antelope and Buffalo 
Springs on the Estancia Plains; Chico Springs, twenty miles from 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 179 

Maxwell City, Colfax County ; Hermy Springs on the Pecos Forest 
Eeserve, on which, however, there are hundreds of other fine springs 
of pure water, and Gallo Spring at San Eafael, Valencia County. 

PREHISTORIC RUINS. 

New Mexico is as rich in prehistoric ruins and remains as it is 
in historic monuments and present-day interest. The Pajarito 
Cliff Dwellers' park, the Chaco canon, the Gila canon, western 
Valencia and Socorro couD'ties abound in cliff and communal build- 
ings, the age of which has puzzled scientists, but which are older 
than any other ruins on the American continent, and, probably, in 
the world. The most accessible cliff dwellers' region is the Pajarito 
Park, but one day's overland trip from Santa Fe or Espanola, in 
which 20,000 cliff dwellings and caves are situated within a com- 
paratively small area. The scenery of this natural park is superb ; 
"wonderful" is the only adjective that will do justice to the caves 
in the cliffs, high and inaccessible almost as eagles' nests, but show- 
ing many other signs of occupation besides the peculiar picture 
writings in the soft volcanic tufa of which the clifEs are composed. 
In addition to the cliffs, there are remains of communal buildings 
of later occupation, some of them containing as high as 1,200 
rooms. There are also burial mounds with remains of ancient pot- 
tery. Along the eastern foot of this steep plateau flows the Kio 
Grande and lie the villages of San Ildefonso, Santa Clara and 
San Juan, while to the west rise the stupendous mountain masses 
of the Valles, the Cochiti and Jemez ranges, with their deep for- 
ests and canons, their famous hot springs, their Indian villages 
and their mines. Where else on earth is there so much of the beau- 
tiful in scenery, of romance, of historic monuments, of prehistoric 
remains, of the ancient, the unique, the picturesque, the sublime, 
to be found as within a radius of fifty miles of Santa Fe? One 
day's trip will take the wanderer from the historic Old Palace and 
San Miguel Church in the City of the Holy Faith, over the foot- 
hills of the Sangre de Cristo range from which rise in full view 
mountain peaks almosit 13,000 feet high, into the picturesque 
Tesuque valley aind by the ancient Indian pueblo of Tesuqne. The 
road winds through sand hills that the air and the rain have cut 
into grotesque shapes, huge as Titans and weird as the rock forma- 
tions in the Garden of the Gods. Then come once more fertile 
fields and the village of Cuymungue, 'formerly an Indian pueblo, 
now a native settlement. Along the Nambe river, with its grand 
falls, close by the Indian pueblo of ISTambe to the pueblo of San 
Ildefonso on the Rio Grande; then along that river through the 

















. ■ J*- 




THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 181 

laughing Espanola valley, past the Black Mesa, a famous Tudian 
battleground, into the large Indian pueblo of Santa Clara and its 
mission church to Santa Cruz, also with a quaint and ancient 
church building, threads the wagon road across the river into Espa- 
nola. From there the road ascends the wildly beautiful Santa 
Clara canon, along a rippling trout stream up to the steep cliffs 
of the Puye and the Shufiniie, with their hundreds and thousands 
of prehistoric caves and communal buildings. And all that in one 
day's journey overland ! If the trip be prolonged, another day or 
two, the remarkable hot springs at Ojo Caliente and the hot springs 
in the deep chasm of the Kio Grande at Wamsley's, the Indian 
pueblos of Picuris and Taos, the finest trout streams and best 
haunts of wild game, or the Jicarilla Indian Eeservation, as well 
as busy lumber and mining camps, can be visited. And that is only 
in one direction from Sanita Fe! Going south, one days' trip will 
pass through the quaint settlements of Agua Fria, Cienega and 
Cieneguilla, by the Tiffany turquois mine-s, the old mining camp of 
Bonanza, the smelter at Cerrillos, the Ortiz gold placers, worked 
a hundred years before gold was discovered in California and still 
yielding gold dust amid nuggets, the coal mines at Madrid, where 
bituminous amd anthracite coal have been mined from the same 
hillside, the placer and gold mines of Golden and Sam Pedro, not 
to speak of sheep and cattle ranches and the beautiful scenery of 
the Cerrillos, Ortiz, San Pedro and Sandia Mountains. 

Another trip of one day from Santa Fe will take the traveler by 
the pueblo ruins of Arroyo Hondo, over Apache hill, the battle- 
grounds of Apache Springs, the interesting native settlement of 
Canoncito, over Glorieta Pass and the battlefield of Glorieta, to the 
upper Pecos river, by the ancient and historic Pecos church ruins, 
the village of Pecos and through the most beautiful summer-resort 
country in the SouthAvest, where trout streams babble in every canon 
and where from one summit can be surveyed tlie hoary heads of • 
eleven of the twelve highest peaks in New Mexico. 

Another day's trip out of Santa Fe will take the visitor up the 
rugged Santa Fe Canon, by the large reservoir and the Aztec min- 
eral springs to the Scenic Highway which crosses the Santa Fe 
range into the upper Pecos V-alley and unfolds at every step new 
moimtain views and panoramas magnificent beyond description. 
Nor do these trips exhaust the interesting points in and about Santa 
Fe. Almost every other town in the Territory offers sights and 
scenes of equal interest to the tourist and sightseer. 

The prehistoric ruins of the Chaco canon and Pueblo Bonito, 
in southeastern San Juan County, as well as those at Aztec, in the 



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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 183 

same county, are more fully excavated than those of the Pajarito 
park, and m some respects are more palatial and more impressive. 
They can best be reached from Gallup or Thoreau on the Santa Fe 
Eailway in McKinley County. 

The prehistoric ruins on the Gila Forest Keserve, as well as those 
in western Valencia and Socorro counties, have not been thoroughly 
explored thus far, being distant from the highways of travel, but 
on this very accoumtt they should have a special charm and attrac- 
tion for the student of archaeology. 

Coming to more recent, although still ancient days, the ruins of 
the Gran Quivira and of nearby abandoned Pueblo villages, between 
the Jumanes Mesa and the Mai Pais and Jornado del Muerto, 
are of great historic interest. They are best reached from the sta- 
tion of Willard at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and Eastern 
Railway of New Mexico. Similar ruins are found in western Va- 
lencia, Socorro and other counties, a.nd divide the interest of the 
tourist with the many present-day Indian pueblos and Spanish set- 
tlements boasting of considerable antiquity. The Zuni, Navaho, 
Jicarilla and Mescalero Indian Reservations are well worthy a visit, 
and upon, the first two named are many prehistoric ruins. 

Foremost in interest and value in historic archaeology are the 
old mission churches of the FranciscaoB. In every occupied Indian 
pueblo and at the site of almost every abandoned pueblo, there is 
one of the monuments of those pioneers of Christianity and civiliza- 
tion, the Franciscan Fathers. Many of these are in a good state of 
preservation, while others are in ruiois, but every one is an object 
of historic interest. 

The old mission church of San Diego, which is the oldest of the 
California missions, was founded in 1769. It is almost a total 
ruin ; only the front remains in a good state of preservation. The 
side walls are still standing, but no portiotnis of the roof or interior 
remain. This is the most venerable and venerated historic monu- 
ment in the State of California, and is annually visited by thou- 
sands of tourists. It has stood for 164 years. It marks the begin- 
ning of civilizatiooi and Christianity in California. And yet, in 
New Mexico, on the upper Pecos, thirty-five miles west of Las 
Vegas, at the site of the abandoned Pueblo of Cicuye, are the ruins 
of the old Pecos church. The church is 300 years old. It was 
nearly 150 years old when the San Diego mission was founded. It 
was projected before the Spanish Armada was destroyed and ante- 
dates the coming of the Mayflower and the settlement of James- 
town. All that is said of the old Pecos church, may be said of that 
of Jemez. They were built at the same time. The one at Quivira 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 185 

was foimded in 1C30, and is a fairly well preserved min. The 
churches at San Ildefonso and Santa Clara are in a complete state 
of preservation. They are nine years older than the oldest of the 
California niins. The old San Miguel mission in Samta Fe has 
been rehuilt. Its walls date from 1650^ the roof from 1694, or pos- 
siblv a few years later. From the old church at x\lgodones was 
taken a bell, cast in Spain in 1356, and at the Cathedral at Santa 
Fe and other churches are ancient relics and art treasures of old 
Spanish and Italiaiii masters. These are only a few examples se- 
lected at random from the large number of ancient churches of 
equally great interest scattered over New Mexico. Inscription Fiock, 
on the old road to Zuni, and every one of the pueblos from Taos 
on the north to Isleta on the south, and from the Rio Grande 
pueblos in the central part, to Zuni in the west, are worthy of a 
visit, both for historic and present-day interest. 

'Not is there any other building in this country to compare in 
historic interest with the Old Palace at Santa Fe, which has been 
more to Xew Mexico than Faneuil Hall to Massachusetts or Liberty 
Hall to Peninsylvania, nor is there any other town in the United 
States which offers so much of interest to the tourist as the city of 
St. Francis de Assisi. 

SCENIC ATTRACTIONS. 

In addition to its manifold sights of prehistoric, historic and arch- 
aeological interest, ISTew Mexico possesses many scenic attractions. 
Its mountains equal the Alps in ruggedness and height; its valleys, 
lakes, streams and waterfalls have a picturesqueness of their own; 
its forests, such as are included in the Pecos and other forest re- 
serves, offer sylvan retreats of rare beauty; its mesas and plains 
are inot without their attractions, and a visit to its old settlements 
as well as to the Indian pueblos and the Indian reser^-ations is well 
worth many miles of travel, even from the scenic standpoint aloaie. 
The Scenic Highway that is being built between Santa Fe and Las 
A'egas, through the Pecos forest reserve, and over ihe highest and 
steepest divides of the Sangre de Cristo range, opens to the travel- 
ing public as Ijeautiful scenen' as any m the world. The Sacra- 
mento Mountain Railway in Otero County is an engineering wonder 
that brings travelers from all parts of the United States. The 
Gran Quivira ruins, the Salt Lakes, the White Sands, Inscription 
Rock, the Mai Pais, the Jornada del Muerto, the Guadalupe Caves, 
possess a weirdness or a picturesqueness that have made them world- 
famous. New Mexico's hot springs, mountain and summer resorts 
combine many advantages and attractions difficult to find anj- 





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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



187 



where else. New Mexico has an atmosphere and color of its own, 
just as Spain, Italy or Greece. Here the civilization of centuries 
ago and of today meet ; here are found prehisioric ruins and historic 
monuments, the history of yesterday and of today have left their 
impress side by side; the civilization of the Indian, the Spaniard, 
the Mexican and the Yainikee commingle. Still, New Mexico is 
strictly up-to-date in its government, in its hotels, railroad accom- 
modations, in the protection the law affords, in its universities, its 
colleges, its public schools, its sanitariums, its charitable institu- 
tions, in its progress and in its prosperity. Churches are found in 
every settlement, newspapers in every town, together with fine 
stores, banking institutions, and every safety, comfort and luxury 
that the centers of civilization of the east afford. 




NEAR CLOUDCROFT, OTERO COUNTY. 




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4' ^:,>^'^^^ ''^^^1' 




BERNALILLO COUNTY COURT HOUSE AT ALBUQUERQUE. 



PART V. 

COUNTIES, CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Xew Mexico has an area of 122,4G9 square miles, exceeding tliat 
of tlie kingdom of Italy with its 35,000,000 people. Its popula- 
tion, according to the best and latest estimates, is 300,000, an in- 
crease of over 100,000 since the census of 1900. The Territory is 
divided into tweinty-five counties. Along the northern or Colorado 
boundary are the Counties of Union, Colfax, Taos, Kio Arriba and 
San Juan. Along the eastern boundary, bordering on Oklahoma, 
is the County of Union; bordering on Texas, the Counties of Quay, 
Eoosevelt, Chaves md Eddy. Bordering on Texas in the south, 
the Counties of Eddy, Otero and Dona Ana; bordering on Mexico, 
the Counties of Dona Ana, Luna and Grant. On the western boun- 
dary, bordering on Arizona, are Grant, Socorro, Valencia, McKin- 
ley and San Juan coimties. The north central counties are- Mora, 
San Miguel, Santa Fe, Guadalupe, Torrance, Sandoval and Ber- 
nalillo. The south central counties are Lincoln and Sierra. 

BERNALILLO COUNTY. 

This is the smallest and most populous of the counties. It covers 
1,210 square miles, an area exceeding that of the State of Ehode 
Island. The population is 26,000, of which 15,000 live in Albu- 
querque, the county seat, and its immediate vicinity. The assessed 
valuation in 1905 was $3,572,454. The cnnty is a little north of 
the center of the Territory and is bounded o^:^. the north by San- 
doval, on the east by Santa Fe and Torrance, on ^^^e south by Va- 
lencia and on the west by Valencia County. Postoffice^ : Alameda, 
Albuquerque, Carpenter, Chilili, Griegos,Isleta, Martinez, Milagioc, 
Old Albuquerque, Padillas and Pajarito. 

The Sandia Mountains in the eastern part rise to an elevation of 
10,500 feet, the south Sandia Mountain has an altitude of 9,500 
feet. The San Ysidro Mountains in the eastern part attain an 
elevation of 8,000 feet. The morthern end of the Manzano Moun- 
tains in the eastern part, attains an altitude of 10,000 feet. 
From these mountain ranges the land slopes abruptly to the Rio 
Grande, west of which it rises to the mesas flanking the Rio Puerco 
on each side. These two rivers are the principal and only perennial 
streams of consequence, although the Arroyo Salado, tributary to 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 191 

the Eio Puerco, often carries large volumes of water. Mineral 
springs are located in the Sandia Mountains, those best known 
being the Coyote Springs and Whitcomb Springs, the latter being 
a pleasant summer and winter resort. 

On July 1, 1905, there remained subject to entry 225,195 acres, 
143,133 of these unsurveyed, but none of this land contains living 
streams. The county is in the Santa Fe land district. Much of 
it is mountainous and but a small part is fit for agriculture unless 
water is developed by the sinking of wells. A considerable portion 
is good range and some of it valuable coal and mineral land. 

In the eastern part, on the eastern slope of the Sandias, placer 
ground and extensive co'al croppings are found, the latter also ex- 
isting along the Rio Puerco, west of the Rio Grande. The Tijeras 
Canon district has been prospected more or less during the past 
fifty years, and in certain localities, along the lime and porphyry 
contact, gold and silver ores are found in the sulphides of iron and 
copper, although the district has never been a producer to any 
extent. The principal properties are the Silver Dollar, the Carnuel, 
the Long View and the Magnolia. In the Hell Canon district, south 
of Tijeras Canon and in the northern foothills of the Manzanos, 
the Milagros and Golden groups are situated, carrying gold and 
copper. Placer gold is reported to exist in the gulches. and arroyos 
of that section. Nearby is the Coyote district, better known for its 
mineral springs than its mines, although at a very early period the 
Spaniards prospected near Chaves Spring and old prospect holes 
are scattered over the district. 

The principal industries are manufacturing, farming, fruit 
growing, stock raising and railroading. Its central location, great 
diversity of topography and fine climate, railroad facilities and the 
fact that the Rio Grande, fianked by a fertile valley oin each side, 
cuts through the county from north to south, place its prosperity 
on a permanent basis. There are 250,000 acres which eventually 
can be placed under irrigation and 300,000 acres are considered 
good pasture. In seasons of average rainfall, the grass grows 
abundantly, and owing to its peculiar character, cures on the ground 
during the fall, and instead of washing out and becoming value- 
less, like the ordinary grass, it is like hay and makes as good feed 
in the winter as in the summer. The total area under ditch at 
present is 15,000 acres, of which about 5,000 are cultivated. There 
are several available reservoir sites and room for modern irrigation 
systems. An important project, that of a high land ditch from 
near Algodones to the valley surrounding Albuquerque, has been 
partly constructed. The soil of the valley is composed almost en- 




I tfrrii^i.f^fr'4^-' 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 193 

tirel}' of detritus from the mountains and foothills and lacks only 
the addition of a verv little animal or vegetable matter now and 
then to keep it rich indefinitely. The true farming policy is to 
have small farms, closely cultivated and yielding as land can only 
be made to yield under irrigation. In addition to the ordinary 
grain and vegetable crops, tobacco does especially well, although 
not extensively cultivated. Some of the soil being alkaline, aspar- 
agus proves profitable. Besides the Eio Grande, the Eio Puerco 
flows through the county from northwest to southeast, but as it 
has cut its l)ed deep into the soil there is not much irrigation along 
the upper course of the stream. 

The Santa Fe Eailway traverses the county. The Santa Fe Cen- 
tral cuts through the eastern part, and the Santa Fe Pacific forms 
a junction' with the Santa Fe at Isleta, in the southern part. The 
Albuquercjue Eastern, a branch of the Santa Fe Central, is under 
construction from Moriarty to Albuquerc|ue, through the Tijeras 
Pass in the Sandias, a distance of forty-three miles. The county 
has forty miles of railroad, to which the Albuquerque Eastern, when 
completed, will add twenty-five miles. Isleta. one of the largest 
Pueblo Indian villages, is situated in^ the southern part, and as it 
is at the junction of the Santa Fe Railway and the Santa Fe 
Pacific Railroad, is much visited by tourists. The county seat 
and largest city in jSTew Mexico is 

ALBUQUERQUE. 

In every sense, modern and progressive, it is the acknowledged 
commercial center. Its merchants cover a trade territory larger 
than the six New England states, which gives it a wholesale trade 
greater than that of any eastern city of three times its size. Its 
population, according to the census of 1900, was 6,326. Old Albu- 
querque, which is practically a portion of the city proper, had 1,191 
people, and the more distant suburban precincts had 4,613 inhab- 
itants, giving the city and suburbs a population of 12,042 in the 
census year. A very conservative estimate places the increase since 
1930 at 5,000, making the present total more than 17,000. It has 
a fine system of public schools, with a large and modern school 
house in each ward, and a handsome high school building centrally 
located. 

There are in addition a number of good private schools, 
while denominational institutions are maintained by the Metho- 
dists, Catholics and Presbyterians. It is also the seat of the Uni- 
versity of New Mexico, established and maintained by the Ter-- 
ritory and endowed by the United States with a liberal donation 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 195 

of public land. The University buildings are located upon an emi- 
nence about 200 feet above the general level of the town, with an 
unobstructed view for many miles in every direction. With the 
Sandia Mountains twelve miles to the east for a background, the 
view takes in the Jemez Mountains, sixty miles north, the San 
Mateos seventy miles west and the Socorro and Magdalenas, 
seventy-five miles south, while with the glass may be seen the Mo- 
gollons, more than 225 miles to the southwest. The institution 
has a first-class faculty and ranks among the best western colleges. 
"Hadley Hall," a handsome $20,000 structure, gives the University 
a department devoted exclusively to the study of climatology, with 
a special reference to the effect of climate on the cure and preven- 
tion of tuberculosis and kindred diseases, the only institution of the 
kind in the United States. Albuquerque is the location of a large 
U. S. Indian Training School, with more than 300 pupils. The 
city is the headquarters of the Second Judicial District and of the 
United States Marshal for New Mexico. The judicial district com- 
prises Bernalillo, McKinley, Valencia and Sandoval Counties. The 
Territorial District Attorney for the above counties, as well as for 
Torrance County, makes his headquarters at Albuquerque. In the 
matter of religious advantages, the toAvn is very thoroughly 
equipped. 

All the leading Christian denominations have congregations, 
with good commodious houses of worship. There is also a syna- 
gogue, which is well supported. There are places for pub- 
lic entertainment and amusement, including the Elks' Opera House. 
One of the institutions of Albuquerque worthy of special notice is 
the "Commercial Club." This represents a successful combination 
of business and social interests, and possesses within the one organ- 
ization all the principal features of a Chamber of Commerce and 
a social club. There is a system of water works, deriving its supply 
from deep wells. There are also electric light, power and gas plants, 
the streets being lighted by electricity. The city has an electric 
street railway, free delivery of mail, and the hotel facilities are 
good. Water for irrigation purposes can be secured anywhere in 
the valley from driven wells from ten to thirty feet deep. The 
streets are graded and along most of them are cement sidewalks, 
the material coming from the neighboring hills, being 
laid upon a foundation of gravel. St. Joseph's, one of 
the largest sanitariums in the west, is located here and 
is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. The Santa Fe 
Railway Company has built at this point the finest and most com- 
modious station building and hotel on the line of its road between 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 197 

Chicago and San Francisco. The shops of the Santa Fe Pacific Eail- 
roacl, furnishing employment to over 700 men, and the Santa Fe 
hospital are located here. The manufacturing interests, in addi- 
tion to the railroad shops, are represented by the large lumber 
mills, the box, door and sash factories of the American Lumber 
Company, woolen mill, tie preserving plant, foundry and machine 
shops, a brewery and ice factories, flouring mills, mineral water 
establishments, planing mill, brick yards, cigar factories, broom 
factory, wool scouring plant, steam laundries, wagoni factory, and 
smaller establishments. Of the 24,000,000 pounds of wool pro- 
duced annually in New Mexico, Albuquerque merchants handle 
fully one-fifth, a portion of which is now .manufactured at home 
by a woolen mill of fair capacity. This enterprise is very compre- 
hensive in its scope and includes all the processes of pulling, scour- 
ing, dyeing, tanning and manufacturing wool and leather. The 
American Lumber Company has erected a large saw mill just north- 
west of the city with a capacity of 200,000 feet of lumber per 
day, as w:ell as a box factory and door and sash mill. There are 
openings here for a canning factory and a beet sugar factory, not 
to speak of a tannery, shoe and furniture factories, and other estab- 
lishments. 

The census of 1900 credited the county Avith $864,604 capital 
invested in manufacturies, $793,644 of that being invested in Albu- 
querque. This gave employment to 1,140 men^, and the value of 
their products was $2,007,772 that year. These figures have been 
doubled by this time. Nearly all lines of business, commercial, 
mechanical and professional, are represented. The town has two 
national banks, one private bank, and one trust company. There 
are two daily papers — The Albuquerque Journal, issued every morn- 
ing, and The Albuquerque Daily Citizen, issued every evening ex- 
cept Sunday. There are also a number of weekly papers in Eng- 
lish and Spanish, and several monthly publications. The town 
possesses the largest and best free public library in the Territory, 
which is maintained by a special tax and which occupies a fine 
building donated by a public spirited citizen. A second library is 
maintained in one of the public school buildings. Albuquerque has 
good railway facilities. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe gives it 
access to all points north and south, while the Santa Fe Pacific 
gives it direct communication with all the country between the 
Eio Grande and the Pacific Coast. That portion of New Mexico 
directly east of Albuquerque has never been in close touch with 
the city by rail, but the want of first-class facilities in that direc- 
tion will soon be supplied by the Santa Fe Central, tlie Albuquerque 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 199 

Eastern and the Eastern Railway of New Mexico, now nearing com- 
pletion. The first named road is in operation, while the second 
has been partly graded. 

The climate of Albuquerque, while it possesses the characteristics 
of that of New Mexico in general, is milder in winter than that of 
the more northern towns, and owing to its lower altitude the city 
is a sanitarium for those health seekers who cannot bear the more 
severe winters and greater altitude of the northern counties. Dur- 
ing the summer months the near-by City of Santa Fe and the many 
convenient mountain resorts, including Whiteomb Springs, offer a 
refuge from the heat, which is at no time so oppressive as it is in 
the more humid east. It is only during the afternoon hours in 
the midsummer months that the thermometer occasionally indicates 
100 degrees, which seems ten. to twenty degrees lower than it would 
in a more humid climate. 

. CHAVES COUNTY. 

Area 9,599 square miles and a population of 16,000. Bounded 
on the north by Eoosevelt and Guadalupe Counties ; on the east by 
Cochran and Yoakum Counties, Texas ; on the south by Eddy and 
Otero Counties ; on the west by Otero and Lincoln Counties. It is 
a plains country on the M^estern edge of the Staked Plains. The 
foothills of the White and Sacramento Mountains lie on its western 
border and- the Guadalupe Mountains on its southwestern boundary. 
Sand hills border the Staked Plains, the Pecos River flowing through 
steep bluffs in the northern part. The Pecos is the principal river 
and receives as tributaries from the west the Arroyo Yeso, Arroyo 
Conejos, Deep Creek, Salt Creek, the Hondo, the Berrendo and the 
Rio Feliz. The headwaters of the Penasco and several independent 
water courses are the streams of the southwestern part, known as 
the Lower Penasco country. The county has many perennial and 
several mineral springs. The area subject to entry under the fed- 
eral land laws on July 1, 1905, was 4,993,088 acres, of which 
2,016,673 acres were unsurveyed. 

Chaves is one of the most rapidly growing of the counties, and, 
while formerly the open range livestock interests were the main- 
stay, it is today a great producer of alfalfa, cereals, celery, canta- 
loupes and fruit. Its system of artesian wells and abundance of 
irrigation water from the Pecos and tributaries have brought to it 
a new glory. The splendidly stocked Hereford and Shorthorn 
breeding ranches and the sheep and wool growing industries, how- 
ever, are expanding, for the greater part of this little empire likely 
will always be grazing land, pure and simple. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 201 

The irrigation systems at present obtain their supply of water 
from four sources — the immense springs in the vicinity of Eos- 
well, fed by subterranean streams of artesian nature, from which 
flow five limpid streams, the North Berrendo, Middle Berrendo, 
South Berrendo, North Spring and the South Spring Rivers, all 
stocked with black bass, offering sport to the disciples of Isaac 
Walton ; from artesian wells, which are making this region famous : 
from flood water of the great watershed of the White Mountain 
region and the canal system of the Pecos Valley, beginning near 
Eoswell and in which millions of dollars have been invested, and 
which, taken as a whole, is the finest in. the United States. That 
part of the system which is located in Chaves County is owned by 
the Felix Irrigation Company. To this will be added the Rio 
Hondo reservoir, under construction by the Reclamation Service 
and which will be completed in the fall of 1906. It will furnish 
water for 15,000 acres of land near and including part of Roswell. 
The Pecos River carries a large volume of water and divides the 
county into halves, crossing it from north to south. In the artesian 
well district are 475,000 acres of cultivatable soil, and there are 
over three hundred flowing wells and more coming in daily. The 
first flow is reached at a depth of from one hundred and fifty to 
two hundred feet, and it costs from two himdred to two hundred 
and fifty dollars to drill a well to reach it. The second flow is 
tapped at from three hundred to eight hundred feet, and a well 
to it costs two thousand to two thousand five hundred dollars. A 
fair average of the flow is six hundred gallons a minute, although 
a maximum of two thousand five hundred gallons is reached by 
one well, and there are others fiowing from one thousand to one 
thousand five hundred gallons a minute. With a storage reservoir, 
one well furnishes enough water to irrigate one hundred and sixty 
acres of land. The City of Roswell alone now has one hundred 
of these wells. ]\Iany have sufficient power to drive small hydraulic 
rams. The county has 1,800 acres in apple orchards, producing 
good fruit. Plums, pears and peaches, the last on high ground, 
do well. Cantaloupes and melons attain their greatest development 
in fiavor and general character right here, and celery has become 
a staple crop. Oats, rye, barley, alfalfa, sorghum, millet, Kaffir 
corn, milo maize, wheat, potatoes, onions and garden- vegetables 
flourish. A specialty is being made of high grade cattle, one ranch 
having 1,200 head of superb Herefords, including the famous An- 
cient Briton, costing $4,000. Hog raising on a large scale on 
alfalfa is successfid on the Chisum ranch. The raising of mules 
on a similar scale has been undertaken on a laro-e alfalfa ranch. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 203 

The assessment in 1905 Avas $3,232,335. Sheep number 300,00.0 
and cattle 100,000 head. The postoffices are Alelleni, Dexter, Elk, 
Felix, Glen, Hagerman, Kenna, Lake Arthur, Lower Penasco and 
Roswell. The county seat is 

Roswell, 

a city of 8,500 inhabitants, the fourth largest town in New Mexico, 
which is growing at a rapid rate. It is a pretty and progressive com- 
munity, situated in the commercial, lineal and geographical center 
of the Pecos Valley Eailroad system. It is located near the con- 
fluence of the abundant waters of the Pecos and Hondo Rivers and 
is the supply and shipping point of a large area for both cattle 
and sheep, surrounded by fertile lands and exhaustless irrigation 
resources, including the canal and the artesian wells. The town 
is daily adding to its importance and is one of the most active and 
prosperous business centers of New Mexico. Eoswell has scores 
of brick business blocks and residences, is the site of the New Mex- 
ico Military Institute, has two large modem public school build- 
ings, three newspaper plants, one daily — The Record, and two 
weeklies — The -Roswell Register and The Roswell Tribune; 
three national banks, an elegant and commodious club, ice 
factory, wool scouring plant, creamery, cement and artificial 
stone plant, electric light plant, two steam laundries, many 
churches, numerous wholesale and retail houses, and tributary 
and extensive stockyards. The town is incorporated and pro- 
hibits gambling. It is the principal point on the projected Torrance, 
Roswell & Gulf Railway, ami extension of the Santa Fe Central. An 
automobile line to Torrance at present furnishes passenger, mail 
and transportation facilities with the central portion of New Mex- 
ico; the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railway, a part of the 
Santa Fe system, giving similar facilities with the south, north and 
east. "The city has a public library, a Commercial club and free 
delivery of mail. It is the headquarters of the Fifth Judicial Dis- 
trict and has the Land Office for Chaves, Eddy, Lincoln and parts 
of Roosevelt and other counties. The office of the Territorial Dis- 
trict Attorney for Chaves, Eddy and Roosevelt Counties is located 
at Roswell. The climate is noted for its healing effect in pulmo- 
nary affections, and every year sees an added influx of health 
seekers. 

Hagerman, 

is the second largest town and was laid out in 1893 by the 
Pecos Valley Town Company anrl was fittingly named in honor of 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 205 

J. J. Hagerman, of Eoswell;, whose enterprise, sagacity and 
capital were the origin of the present great development. It 
was incorporated in 1905, is situated twenty-four miles southeast 
of Roswell, and is surrounded by thousands of acres of the choicest 
agricultural, fruit and grazing land in the country. It has a pop- 
ulation, with its immediate surroundings, of about 800, and the 
intelligence, thrift and morals of its people are plentifully attested 
by fine brick business houses, attractive and commodious homes, 
schools and churches, a weekly newspaper, a national bank, careful 
observance of approved sanitary principles and a general air of 
neatness and good order. The town and country adjacent have 
beeni settled by progressive and energetic people, chiefly from Illi- 
nois, Iowa, Xebraska and Kansas, and their wisely directed efforts 
have already transformed the barren waste of ten years ago into 
a veritable garden spot that blooms like a rose. With the magic 
touch of water, careful cultivation has achieved wonders here. 
The irrigation S3^stem constructed by the Pecos Irrigation Com- 
pany extends from a point four and one-half miles due east of 
Roswell thirty miles south, and irrigates the fertile body of land 
tributary to the town of Hagerman, and is now controlled by the 
Felix Irrigation Company. The water siipply thus afforded has 
lieen increased by the development of artesian water in many 
places. Many small farms are plentifully watered from these 
never-failing wells, and much of the supply in the canals is con- 
served for use on large tracts further down the valley. The value 
of these wells will be understood by readers unfamiliar with the 
fact when it is explained that a well flowing 100 gallons a minute, 
if none were lost by seepage or evaporation, would cover seventy- 
eight and one-half acres to a depth of twenty-four inches in a 
year. Allowing one-half for loss by evaporation in reservoirs and 
ditches, a 40Q-gallon well will then furnish twenty-four inches for 
a quarter section during the year. Considering that less than 
twenty inches of rainfall are enough to raise a crop, when much 
of it comes out of the season and often in injurious excess, and 
seven inches properly distributed are sufficient, then it will be 
readily understood that twenty-four inches stored in reservoirs 
and available Avhenever needed, are more than ample. This is not 
theory. It has been demonstrated, both at Roswell and a^" Hager- 
man, year after year. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 207 



Dexter. 



This town was recently laid out and is eighteen miles south of 
Roswell. It has a weekly newspaper, a national bank, several gen- 
eral stores and is a prosperous agricultural community, similar 
to Hagerman. 



Lake Arthur. 

This is a new but prosperous agricultural settlement in the 
southern part of the county, with business houses, churches, schools 
and a weekly newspaper. 

COLFAX COUNTY. 

Nature has blessed Colfax County abundantly, and man is doing 
his best to make it one of the richest sections of the Sunshine 
Territory. The area is 3,897 square miles, it being one of the 
smaller counties of the Territory. It is bounded on the north by 
Las Animas County, Colorado ; on the east by Union ; on the south 
by Mora, and on the west by Taos. Its western part is very moun- 
tainous, while its eastern portion consists of lofty mesas cut deeply 
by streams and arroyos. The Taos and Cimarron ranges rise to 
elevations exceeding 13,000 feet, their loftiest points being Taos 
Peak, 13,145 feet; Costilla Peak, 12,634; Elizabethtown Baldy, 
12,491; Agua Fria Peak, 10,965. The .Raton Mountains are 
scarcely less lofty, while such isolated mountains as Laughlin's 
Peak rise to 8,950; the Tinaja Peak, Clifton Peak and Green 
Mountains are higher. A characteristic of the county is its 
high mesas, upon some of which good crops are raised without 
irrigation. These are Johnson's, Black Lake, Barela, Eagle Tail, 
Gonzales, Eayado and Green Mountain, and Vermejo and Rocky 
Parks. In the eastern portion are many dead volcanos, extinct 
craters and extenisive lava fields. Colfax is in the drainage basin 
of the Canadian River and is well watered, the principal tribu- 
taries of the Canadian being the Vermejo and Cimarron. Other 
tributaries of the Canadian in the county are the Jaritas, the 
Ocate, the Llano, the Tinaja, Crow Creek, the Little Crow, the 
Chicorica, which has as tributaries the Una de Gato, Raton Creek 
and Eagle Creek. The Cimarron has as tributaries the Van Brim- 
mer, the Cerroso, the Ponil, the Moreno, the Rayado and Urac 
Creek, while the Ocate has as tributaries the Sweetwater, the Ver- 
mejo and the Arroyo Caliente. The headwaters of Coyote, a 
tributary of the Mora, rise in the southwestern part. In this 
part are also several beautiful lakes, the principal being Black 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. " 209 

Lake, near the Mora County line. There are nian}^ fine resci- 
voir sites, and the Maxwell Land Grant Company has eonstrncted 
several irrigation systems excelled only by those of 'the lower Pecos 
Valley. The principal of these are the Cimarron or Springei 
system, which takes up the drainage of thirty miles of the majestic 
Taos Eange, and Yermejo system, along which there are twenty 
reservoirs. 

The county has a population of 15,000 and its assessed vtJu- 
ation in 1905 was $2,910,815. Its postotfices are Aurora. Baldy, 
Bell, Black Lake, Blossburg, Chico, Cimarron, Cohnor, Dawson, 
Dorsey, Elizal)ethtown, Gardiner, Hebron, Lynn, Maxwell City, 
Ponil, Raton, Rayado, Springer, Taylor, Van Houten and Yer- 
mejo. The county is rich in agricultural and stock resources, the 
chief industry of its southern part being cattle raising and agri- 
culture. Its main industry, however, is mining, principally coal 
mining. The Maxwell l^and Grant Company, which at one time 
owned more than one-half of the area comprised in the county 
and has done much for its development, still has on the market 
thousands of acres which it sells to homeseekers or leases upon 
very liberal terms. The area subject to federal land -entry on 
July 1, 1905, was 515,256 acres, of which 23,040 acres were un- 
surveyed. The western and central portions belong to the Santa 
Fe land district, and tlie eastern portion of ()oO,000 acres to the 
Clayton district. 

The gold mining districts are located in the western part, the 
principal being the Moreno, Willow Creek, Ute Creek and 
Ponil, all upon the slope of Mount Baldy, which has an- altitude 
of 12,491 feet and whose base is many miles in circumference. 
The entire area tianking the peak is a placer bed, the principal 
operations being conducted in the Moreno, the Ute Creek and Wil- 
low Creek Valleys, the El Oro dredge on the first named producing 
one-fourth of the gold credited to the Territory during the past 
year. Gold in this valley was discovered in 18GG and resulted in 
a stampede, which increased the population 6i Elizabethtown to 
10,000 and made it the first incorporated city in the Territory, 
and for a time the county seat of the newly organized County of 
Colfax. About $2,500,000 in gold have come from the placer fields 
around Mount Baldy. In the Moreno district, in addition to the 
El Oro dredge, Joseph Lowry has been successfully working a 
hydraulic plant for the past thirty years. The Lynch Brothers 
and other producers are also located in this valley. In Willow 
Creek Valley the principal placers are the Last Chance, the Grub 
Flat and the Brown and Kaiser diggings. In the Ute Creek Val- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 211 

ley the Dennison placers and the Picrson and Mead diggings are 
the principal locations. On the South Ponil are the Wallace plac- 
ers. Among New Mexico's bonanzas has been the Aztec lode on 
Ute Creek, which has produced almost $1,500,000. Other lodes 
in the Ute Creek district are the Montezuma, Thelma, Black Horse 
group, Eebel Chief group, Maid of Erin, Eosita, Puzzler, Monarch, 
Homestake, Bull of the Woods, Paragon, Little Jessie, Sweepstake, 
and Eeal. In the Ponil district are the French Henry, Smuggler, 
Guerilla, Mountain Witch, Paymaster group. Black Jose, Henry 
Bluff, Harry Lyons, and Mount Vernon. In the Willow Creek 
district are the Golden AJax, Legal Tender, Hidden Treasure, 
Golden' Dollar, Ophir, Only Chance, North and East Pacific, Grand 
View, Mystic, Victor, Indiana, Alabama, Little Wonder, Mark 
Twain, Grand Duchess, and Aristocrat. In the Moreno district 
are the Eed Bandana group, Abraham Lincoln, Heart of the World, 
Iron Mask, North Star, Baldy Mountain tunnel, Bobtail, Senate, 
Pinochle, Imperial No. 2, Sheridan, Golden Era, Gold Leaf and 
Admiral Dewey. Five miles northwest of Elizabethtown is the 
Hematite district, in which are the Black Wizard, Iron Bird, Chal- 
lenge, Kentucky^ Last Chance and Gold Belle. Tem miles south- 
west of Cimarron is the Urraca district, with both placer and lode 
prospects. The Mocking Bird group and the Big Missouri are in 
this district, which is also known as the Cimarroncito or Bonito 
district. All the districts enumerated are on the Maxwell Land 
Grant. 

It is as a coal producer that the county excels. Most of 
its coal is of coking quality, and its fields are among the most ex- 
tensive in the Territor}^, covering 345,000 acres as far as pros- 
pected, with 1,500,000,000 tons in sight. The net output has 
passed a million tons a year, the Dawson mines alone producing 
half a million tons last year, with the Willow mine at Van Hou- 
ten a close second. The capacity of either of these mines can be 
increased to 5,000,000 tons a year. At Dawson 500 coke ovens 
are in operation. A branch railroad is being built at present to Tin 
Pan Canon and Johnson's Mesa, which is underlaid with heavy 
coal seams. The production of these mines, the principal of which 
is the Brilliant mine, will soon rival that of the mines at Dawson 
and Van Houten. The Climax coal mine is a little over a mile 
northwest of Eaton and produces about 5,000 tons of coal a year. 
The Sugarite mine is located on the east slope of Bartlett Mesa, 
three and a half miles northeast of Eaton, and produces 5,000 
tons a year. The Dutchman mine is six miles northwest of Eaton 
and produces about 200,000 tons a year. Other mines with a 
















;» 



vm 




THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 213 

small oiit]nit are the Llewellyn, the Turner, the Sperrv and the 
Honeytield. 

The climate is tine and the altitude, which ranges from 5,000 
to 12,000 feet, otfers invariably cool nights and cool summers, a 
diy, rarefied atmosphere and protection from the north and west 
winds. The principal agricultural sections are the valleys of the 
Sweetwater, the Eayado, the Cimarroncito, the Cimarron, the Ponil. 
the Vermejo, the Red River, the Una de Clato, the Chico, the Mo- 
reno and the Piedra, the Vermejo Park, the Black Lake section 
and Johnson and Barela Mesas, on which last two named, crops 
are raised without irrigat'on. Wheat, barley, potatoes, beets, cal)- 
bages, carrots, parsnips, turnips, artichokes, celery and other staple 
crops are produced. The region around Springer is especially 
adapted to the cultivation of the sugar beet. The Springer, Mills, 
Dawson, Chase and other large ranches are known for their fruit 
and alfalfa crops and their substantial buildings. Apples, peaches, 
pears and plums are the leading orchard products. The county 
is very favorably located for stock raising. The mild winters, the 
public range and the cheapness of the grazing privileges on the 
Maxwell Grant, as well as a good deal of water and comfortable 
shelter, make it a fine stock section. Timber is also a source of 
wealth, but only in the western part. On the slopes of the Raton 
and the Taos Ranges there are 500,000 acres of merchantable tim- 
ber, principally yellow pine and cedar. The Santa Pe Railway 
cuts through Colfax County from north to south and has branches 
to the temporarily abandoned coal camps of Gardiner and Bloss- 
burg, and to the camps at Van Houten and Johnson's Mesa. The 
Dawson Railway enters the southeastern corner and runs northwest 
to its present terminus at Dawson. The St. Louis, Rocky Mountain 
& Pacific Railway has a line surveyed from Folsom, Union County, 
near the eastern boundary of Calfax via Raton to Elizabethtown 
on the western boundary of the county, and has commenced grad- 
ing. The Colorado &' Southern has a lumber Ivne from Trinidad, 
Colorado, to Catskill in the northwestern part. The county has 
good wagon roads. It is a leader in education and even^ settle- 
ment has its school house and church. The county seat and fifth 
largest city in Xew Mexico is 

Raton. 

It is one of the most prosperous and progressive cities in the 
Territory. The last census gave it a population of 3.450, ])ut with 
its suburbs it now has 8,000 people and is adding to its population 
at the ratio of ten per cent per year. It is called the Gate City 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 215 

of New Mexico. In ten years, from 1890 to 1900, it increased its 
population 200 per cent. It is situated in the shadow of the Raton 
Mountains and i: in the center of the finest coal belt in the south- 
west, surrounded by prosperous stock ranges, and has tributary a 
wide agricultural section. It is also iri' a promising oil field, and 
an important division point on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
Railway, the company maintaining shops there. This railway is 
at present double tracking its line from Raton over Raton Pass to 
Trinidad, Colorado. Over $50,000 a month are distributed by the 
railroad company at this point. The trade of the surrounding coal 
camps is transacted at the Gate City, which means a monthly pay 
roll of $400,000 in and about the city. The commercial lines are 
well represented, and a considerable wholesale business is done. 
The town has an excellent gravity water system, the water being 
taken from the Chicorico, a pure, purling mountain stream. Thou- 
sands of tons of ice are cut every winter and shipped to near-by 
as well as distant points. The water is piped from a reservoir of 
52,000,000 gallons capacity, 500 feet above and six miles from the 
city, and the water company is at present enlarging its facilities. 
Raton has a good fire department, two of the finest school build- 
ings in New Mexico, and a substantial court house. The streets are 
graded and lighted by electricity. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
Fe Railway has a $50,000 depot here. The city has three national 
l^anks, a picturesque public park, long distance telephone with Col- 
orado and New Mexico points, cheap coal, lumber and building 
material, and a Building and Loan Association. It has a num- 
ber of church buildings, representing several Protestant denomi- 
nations and the Roman Catholic faith, and a hospital for miners, 
built and maintained by the Territory. One semi-weekly paper. 
The Range, and one weekly paper. The Reporter, are published. 
The elevation is 6,668 feet. The city attracts many health seekers, 
who find here a superior climate and comfortable accommodations. 
The office of the Territorial District Attorney for the Counties of 
Colfax and Union is located at Ratomi. 

Springer. 

This town was the county seat of Colfax County before that 
honor was bestowed upon Raton; it is second in importance, al- 
though only fifth in population in the county, the census crediting 
it with 558 people. It is the center of a fine stock and agricultural 
section and there are oil and coal indications in its vicinity. Cement 
rock and gypsum beds are located a few miles from that town. 
Its elevation is 5,769 feet. It is an important shipping point on 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 217 

the Santa Fe Railway and controls the trade of a large extent 
of the country. Near Springer is an artesian well pouring out 
mineral water, which is bottled and exported to points far and 
near. The town is the trade center for the Elizabethtown, 
Ute Creek and Cimarron mining districts, and maintains a 
daily stage line to these points. It is near the irrigation systems 
of the Maxwell Land Grant Company. The weekly Colfax County 
Stockman is published here. The town has a good school system 
and several churches. The Colorado Telephone Company has ex- 
tended its long distaiDice telephone line from Raton to Albuquerque 
via Springer, Las Vegas and Santa Fe and other towns along the 
Santa Fe Railway. 

Dawson. 

The townsite, owned l)y the El Paso & Southwestern Railway, 
is heautifully situated and is the terminus of the Dawson Railway. 
Contiguous to it are the coal camps with their neatly built com- 
pany houses. With surrou'tiding camps the town has 4,000 people. 
Coke ovens to the numl)er of 750 are located there, and in the sur- 
rounding country are several fine cattle and fruit ranches. 

DONA ANA COUNTY. 

The garden of Xew Mexico, whose climate in winter approaches 
that of Egypt in its mildness, has an area of 3,818 square miles, 
or twice that of the state of Delaware. It is bounded on the north 
by Socorro and Sierra Counties, on the west by Sierra and Luna 
Counties, on the south by El Paso County, Texas, and Mexico, 
raid on the east by Otero C^ounty and El Paso County, Texas. It 
originally embraced a considerable area of what is now Arizona, 
and all of southwestern Xew Mexico. Assessed valuation' in 1905, 
$3,309,412; population, 13,000. Of its area 1,750,000 acres are 
still subject to entry under the federal land laws. The county 
lies almost wholly within the basin of the Rio Grande, which flows 
through it in a southeasterly direction for 100 miles, carrying 
enough water, properly stored and distributed, to make it a grand 
granary and vineyard. In the eastern part are the almost con- 
tinuous ramparts of the San Andreas Range, the Organ and Black 
Mountains, attaining their highest elevation in Organ Peak, which 
is 9,118 feet high, directly east of Ln'^ Cruces; Black Mountains 
and the Franklin Range. San Augustine Peak is 6,003 feet high, 
while San Augustine Pass, which separates the San Andreas Range 
from the Organ Mountains, has an elevation of 5,654 feet. Pyramid 
Peak, at the southern extremitv of the Or^j-an Mountains, is al- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 21& 

most 5,000 feet in altitude. The Caballos Mountains are in the 
northern part of the county, but east of the Rio Grande and be- 
tween them and the San Andreas Range lies part of the Jornado del 
Muerto, or Journey of Death. In the northeastern part is an ex- 
tensive salt marsh bordering on the White Sands, a plain of gyp- 
sum. The foothills of the Goodsight Mountains are in the western 
part, and just southwest of Fort Selden is Roblero Mountain, 
5,575 feet high. In the southwestern part are extinct volcanos, 
craters and lava fields. MouD't Riley, the Guzman and Lookout 
groups and the Potrillo Mountains are in the extreme south- 
western corner. The Rio Grande is the only river, entering on the 
north and flowing in a southeasterly direction, leaving the county 
near the southeastern corner. 

In the Organ Mountains important mining operations are car- 
ried on. The Organ district has been a producer for many years. 
Its principal mines are the Stephenson-Bennett group, carrying 
lead and silver ores, discovered in 1849. These mines have pro- 
duced at least $500,000 and are now being worked on a large 
scale. Other important properties are the Torpedo, the Memphis, 
the Copper Bar, the Excelsior, the Merrimac, the Little Buck, from 
which last named $50,000 in gold and silver have been taken from 
near the surface. Gold Camp lies on the east side of the Organ 
Range and its principal properties are the Mountain Chief, the 
Mormon, the Dona Dora, the Oriental, the Mascot and the Phar- 
macy. Prospecting has been done in the Dona Ana Mountains, 
where surface indications are good. The Hembrillo district lies 
at the southern end of the San Andreas Mountains and its prin- 
cipal properties are the Base, the Little Monte and the Planet 
Mars. 

The best known region is the Mesilla Valley, lying at an^ altitude 
of 3,500 to 4,000 feet. The widest scope of cultivation surrounds 
the towns of Las Cruces, Mesilla Park, Dona Ana, Chamberino 
and La Mesa. This part of the valley is three to seven miles in 
width and its soil is very fertile. Orchards come into bearing the 
second year after planting, and saplings develop into trees with 
rapidity. Its peaches and grapes have carried its fame far and 
Vidde. Pears, plums, apples, apricots, nectarines, almonds, pecans, 
English walnuts and semi-tropical fruits and vegetables are grown. 
There is an ice plant and a cannery at Las Cruces and wines and 
brandies are manufactured. The valley has six flouring mills. 

About 60,000 acres are under ditch, although only two-thirds of 
this area is under cultivation. In the valley there is a tremendous 
underflow from the Rio Grande, which makes water available by 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 221 

pumping. The national government lias completed the preliminary 
work for the construction of an irrigation system by damming the 
Rio Grande at the Elephant Buttes in Sierra County, north of the 
northern boundary of Dona Ana County, which would furnish 
abundant water to reclaim the entire Mcsilla Valley, and will 
build a diverting dam in the Eio Grande at Penasco Rock, eighteen 
miles north of Las Cruces. Fully 110,000 acres will be reclaimed 
in the county by these two project's, which will enitail an expendi- 
ture by the United States Reclamation Service of exceeding $7,- 
200,000. Cultivated land in the vicinity of Las Cruces may be 
purchased at from $30 to $50 per acre. There are satisfactory 
railroiad facilities, the mileage being IGO. The Santa Fe Railway 
crosses it from the northwest to the southeast, the Southern Pacific 
in the southern part from east to northwest and the El Paso and 
Southwestern along the southern boundary from east to west. The 
county has 3,000,000 acres of range, which furnish pasture the 
year around for cattle, sheep, goats and horses. In the Organ and 
San Andreas Mountains there are successful goat ranches. The 
postoftices are Aden, Agricultural College, Anthony, Berino, Cham- 
berino^ Dona Ana, Earlham, Garfield, Hatch, Lanark, Las Cruces, 
Kent, Mesilla, Mesilla Park, Organ, Rincon, Rodey and Victoria; 
other settlements are Bosque Seco, Santo Tomas, San Miguel, La 
Mesa, Dios, Cambray, Afton, Brunswick, Mesquite, Leasburg, Fort 
Selden and Fort Thorn. The county seat and largest town is 

Las Cruces, 

the City of the Crosses, beautifully situated on the eastern edge of 
the far-famed Mesilla Valley and in the midst of the largest body 
of cultivated land within the Territory. This valley has an average 
width of about five miles and is seventy miles in length, embrac- 
ing 120,000 acres of rich alluvial soil. However, only a com- 
])aratively small portion of the valley is under cultivation, ])er- 
haps 40,000 acres in all. Of course, all cultivation is by irriga- 
tion. For this ])urpose the Rio Grande furnishes an abundance 
of water usually, but in late years there have been occasional 
drouths for brief periods ; but the farmers and orchardists learned 
that there is an inexhaustible flow of water under the surface of 
the ground at a depth of about twenty-five feet, and that it is per- 
fectly feasible and profitable to utilize this undergronnd flow to 
supplement the river supply in times of scarcity. Consequently, 
a number of pumping plants have been erected in different parts 
of the valley and are now in use whenever required. When it is 
-considered what has been accomplished in California by the use 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 223 

of water raised by means of pumps for irrigation, the advantages 
of this valley in this respect may be partially realized. Of course, 
the completion of the projected Elephant Buttes dam by the Re- 
clamation Service will serve to solve the water question for all 
time. The town of Las Cruces was laid out in the 3'ear 184:8, at 
the close of the Mexican war, by American officers at the post then 
existing at Fort Selden, eighteen miles north. Before that time 
the valley had been the habitat of the Apache Indians, who were 
so numerous and fierce that no one dared to settle at points in 
the valley outside of a little hamlet, six miles above the town, and 
the lands of the valley were totally unutilized. But with the pro- 
tection after the American occupation, settlers rapidly came and 
the valley mow has a population of approximately 12,000 people. 
Las Cruces is the largest town. The census of 1900 gave the two 
precincts in which the town is located a population of 2,906. The 
town proper has at present a population of 3,500. The town is 
regularly and symmetrically laid out and, in parts, well shaded. 
Its altitude of about 3,800 feet, which, combined with the latitude, 
renders the winter months the most delightful in the world, while 
the heat of the summer is tempered and cooled with the rains 
which come about the first of June and extend into the fall. The 
town has a solid and substantial basis for its prosperity. It is 
essentially supported by agriculture. With the completion of the 
Elephant Buttes reservoir, its population will quickly increase to 
10,000 and over. There are about twenty general merchandise 
stores and the u.sual assortment of drug stores, hotels, restaurants 
and offices of professional men. It has a national and a state bank, 
ice factory, electric light works^ flouring mill and a canning factory 
with a capacity of 24,000 cans daily. A few miles to the east are the 
Organ Mountains, where gold, silver, copper and lead ores have 
been and are being mined profitably, contributing to the prosperity 
of the town. A company has been incorporated to build an elec- 
tric railway from this camp to Las Cruces and then along the Rio 
Grande to' El Paso, Texas. There are on the neighboring ranges 
many cattle, sheep and goat ranches, which are in a healthy con- 
dition.. Within two miles of the town, at Mesilla Park, is the 
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and the Agricultural 
Experiment Station. These are institutions endowed liberally by 
the national government and the Territory, and under their super- 
vision. They are patronized by students from all parts of the 
Territory, from the neighboring sections of Texas and Mexico, 
and receive students from almost every State in the Union, who 
come for the sake of the opportunity afforded to acquire a knowx- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 225 

edge of the Spanish language and Spanish stenography. The town 
has in late years become the Mecca of an ever increasing class of 
persons afflicted with hmg and throat troubles. These unfortu- 
nates have found in the mild winters and dry atmosphere the con- , 
ditions necessary to restore them to health. Some of them make 
it a practice to come every fall and winter, while others purchase 
ranches, farms and orchards and settle as permanent res- 
idents. Las Cruces is the headquai-ters of the Third Judicial Dis- 
trict and has a United States Land Office for the Counties of Dona 
Ana, Grant, Luna, Sierra and parts of Socorro and Otero. The office 
of the United States Attorney for the Territory is maintained here. 
The office of the Territorial District Attorney for the Counties of 
Dona Ana, Otero and Lincoln is situated here. The town has graded 
and well managed public and private schools. The Sisters of Lo- 
retto, a Catholic order, maintain an academy for girls. The Eoman 
Catholics and several of the leading Protestant denominations 
have church organizations. Two English weekly papers. The Citi- 
zen and the Eio Grande Eepublican, are published at Las Cruces, 
and three Spanish weeklies, El Labrador, El Eco del Valle, and El 
Tiempo. At the Agricultural College a monthly is published. Las 
Cruces has a Chamber of Commerce, which is doing much in mak- 
ing the advantages of the town and valley generally known. 

EDDY COUNTY. 

Area, 6,506 square miles; population, 7,500; assessed valua- 
tion in 1905, $2,036,360. It is bounded on' the north by Chaves 
County, on the west by Chaves and Otero Counties, on the south 
by El Paso, Loving and Winkler Counties, Texas, and on the east 
by AVinkler, Andrews, Gaines and Yoakum Counties, Texas. The 
county is the Eiviera of New Mexico. It is the garden spot of 
the ioM^er Pecos Valley, which extends north and south 120 miles, 
and east and west between the foothills from five to thirty miles. 
It is the most southeastern and the lowest in altitude of New Mex- 
ico counties, and is almost as large as the State of New Jersey. 
On July 1, 1905, there were 3,767,647 acres of its area subject to 
entry under the land laws of the United States, 2,229,701 acres 
being unsurveyed. The Pecos Eiver flows through the eastern half 
from north to south, and from the west receives a number of trib- 
utaries, several of which carry a considerable volume of water, 
as they drain the entire eastern slope of the Guadalupe Mountains. 
With the exception of Westwater, on the v^^estern boundary, and 
Monument, near the eastern boundary, all the settlements are lo- 
cated in the Pecos Valley, the postoffices being Artesia, Carlsbad, 









^t^r-^.. f ,T 




COURT HOUSE OF EDDY COUNTY AT CARLSBAD. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 227 

Dayton, Florence, Hope, Knowles, Lakewood, Malaga, Monument 
and Queen. The average summer temperature is 80 degrees. 
The county has a fine irrigation system, formed by the damming 
of the Pecos River. During the past year one of the dams of 
the system, Lake Avalon, was destroyed by floods and was not re- 
paired, thus cutting off from the lands under ditch the customary 
water supply. This system has been acquired by the United States 
and its capacity will be increased at an expenditure of $650,000. 
The principal river is the Pecos, traversing the county from north 
to south. Its principal tributaries are the Cottonwood, the Pen- 
asco, the Seven Elvers, Rocky Canon, Dark Canon, which furnishes 
Carlsbad with drinking water, tlie Black River with an important 
tributary called the Grape Vine, and the Delaware. The principal 
mountain system is the Guadalupe Range, in the southwestern por- 
tion, and the Mescalero Ridge of sandhills along the northern 
boundary. The Pecos River in many places has worn its bed deep 
into the sand blufiis which form its banks. Much of the water in 
the county is alkaline. Sufficient water is available to irrigate 
200,000 acres of land, but only a comparatively small portion of 
this, something like 20,000 acres, is thus far under cultivalion. 
On this are raised large crops of alfalfa and peaches, although 
corn, sorghum, cotton, fruits and vegetables are also staple crops. 
In the northern part, especially at Artesia and Dayton, artesian 
water has been developed. Outside of the Pecos Valley st'->ckrai3- 
ing is the leading industry. For evorv acre under cultiv.-iiion tharo 
are more than 300 acres of grazing land. An abundance of water 
is being developed on the range and is lifted from welh by wi.id 
mills. The Pecos Valley and its vicinity present today greater 
inducements for the breeding of fine cattle than any other dis- 
trict in the southwest. Owing to the abundance of water for irri- 
gation purposes, it is able to furnish feed for thousands of thor- 
oughbred cattle and likewise for the building up of all surrounding 
stock ranches. Not only cattle, but sheep and goats do exception- 
ally well. In the Guadalup:3 Mountnins, the ;\rjgora goat finds 
superior range and home, while 200,000 head of shetp of well 
graded Merino and Shropshire strains and 80,000 head of cattle 
occupy the ranges. Bee culture can be made a profitable industry. 
Railroad facilities are furnished by the Pecos Valley & Northeast- 
ern Railway, which follows the Pecos Valley and is a part of the 
Santa Fe system. There are excellent oil indications south and 
north of Carlsbad, and copper prospects have been developed ini the 
Guadalupe Mountains, the principal being the Neumeyer copper 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 229 

mine, recently purchased by the Standard Oil Company. The 
county seat is 

Carlsbad. 

It is often declared to be one of the most beautiful towns in 
the southwest, and it is certainly entrancingiy situated amidst 
orchards and broad, cultivated fields. Ever running waters in its 
irrigation ditches, its thirty-five miles of cottonwood and other 
shade trees, its wide streets and well built homes, all help to make 
it an attractive residence city. The suburbs of La Huerta and 
Hagerman Heights are far famed. The Bermuda and bluegrass 
furnish pretty emerald lawn settings. The ornamental shade trees 
include the catalpa, the Chinese umbrella. North Carolina and 
Lombardy poplar, weeping willow and Eussian mulberry, while 
encircHng hedges of gray cedar bush and the green bamboo cane 
are ever and anon broken by the shining spike of the giant cactus 
palm or Spanish dagger. Here and there can be seen roses of all 
hues and sizes, blooming many months in the year; geraniums of 
fifteen and twenty varieties, in all . the soft gradations of color 
from pure white to the deepest crimson and royal purple, and 
many other flowers in profusion. The trees of Eddy County 
include the walnut, the almond and the pecan, a flourishing grove 
of the latter in La Huerta growing more valuable every year. 

The altitude is 3,000 feet. It is 1,326 miles from Chicago, 868 
miles from Kansas City and 1,083 miles from Denver. With im- 
mediate surroundings it has a population of over 2,000 people. Its 
public schools are up-to-date and housed in modern buildings. 
There are 500 children of school age in the city, and nearly all 
are enrolled in the public schools. There are churches of many 
denominations, a fine opera house, commodious business blocks, 
a $35,000 court house, electric light, telephone, water and sewer- 
age system, two national banks, a race track, graded and well kept 
streets, and three weekly newspapers, The Carlsbad Argus, The 
Current and The Sun. The town is a modern and model American 
community with healthy business conditions and a proir.ise of a 
great prosperity in the future. Last year $60,000 were expended 
for new buildings. A steel bridge ppans the Pecos River at this 
point and a power dam furnishes the power for the electric lighl 
plant. Just above the city a cement flume, an engineering marvel, 
crosses the Pecos Eiver. Near the town are mineral springs whose 
waters resemble those of Carlsbad, Bohemia. The town is on, the 
Pecos Valley & Northeastern Eailway, which has built a pretty 
brick depot at Carlsbad. 




COURT HOUSE OF GRANT COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 231 



Artesia. 



The discovery of artesian water in northern Eddy County has 
resulted in the founding of the flourishing town of Artesia on the 
Pecos Valley and jSTortheastern Kailway, which already boasts of 
two banks, a weekly newspaper, The Artesia Advocate, and a num- 
ber of business houses. Its population is above the one thousand 
mark and the town is growing rapidly, having been incorporated. 
Every quarter-section for miles "around has been taken up by set- 
tlers. Last year $100,000 were expended in the town in building. 
Artesia is connected by telephone with Eoswell and Carlsbad. 

Dayton. 

This is a new settlement in the northern part of the county 
within the southern part of the artesian district and surrounded 
by many acres of fertile soil. It has a weekly newspaper, The 
Echo; it is a station on the Pecos Valley and ;N'ortheastern Eail- 
way near the northern end of Lake McMillan, and during the year 
expended $25,000 for new buildings. The inhabitants number 500. 

Lakewood. 

This is a new town, formerly known as McMillan, and is en- 
trancingly situated on Lake McMillan, the largest artificial lake 
in the Southwest. Broad streets have been laid out and graded; 
thousands of trees, mostly elm, maple, box elder and mulberry 
have been set out. During the year $25,000 were expended for 
improvements. The place has 400 people. 
GRANT COUNTY. 

This county is second only to Socorro County in mineral pro- 
duction, and it is also one of the leading stock counties of New 
Mexico. Its area is 7,403 square miles; its population, 14,000; 
its assessed valuation in 1905 was $2,810,950 ; its annual mineral 
production exceeds $1,000,000; assessed valuation of its cattle, 
$1,000,000, the actual value being fully three times as much. It 
is bounded on the north by Socorro and Sierra Counties, on the 
east bv Sierra and Luna Counties, on the south by Mexico, and 
on the west bv Cochise and Graham Counties. Arizona. The post- 
offices are Bavard. Central, ClifE, Dwyer, Eaywood, Fierro, Fort 
Bayard, Gila," Goldhill, Hachita, Hanover, Leopold, Lordsburg, 
Mimbres, Pinos Altos. Eed Eock, Eodeo, Santa Eita, Separ. Sher- 
man, Silver City, Steeple Eock, Stein's, Swartz, Teel and White- 
water. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 233 

The county has good railroad facilities. It is crossed in the 
southern part b}' the Southern Pacific Eailroad and the El Paso 
and Southwestern Eaihvay. In addition, the Santa Fe enters it 
and has two branches, one from Whitewater to Santa Pita, and 
the other from Hanover Junction to Fierro, and a narrow gauge 
railroad has just been completed from Silver City to Pinos Altos. 
The Lordsburg-Hachita Railway is entirely within the county, and 
the Arizona and Xew Mexico Railway has its terminus at Lords- 
burg. 

The area is equdl to that of the State of Kew Jersey, and almost 
4,000,000 acres are still subject to entry under the federal land 
laws. The diversity of its industries has made it one of the best 
and most prosperous sub-divisions of the Territorv^ In the north- 
western part the Gila, and in its eastern portion the Mirnbres fur- 
nish a limited supply for irrigation, and there are about 150,000 
acres adapted to agriculture that can be reclaimed, but less than 
G,000 acres are under cultivation. 

All the orchard products, grain and vegetables, do well in 
the county. The Mimbres Valley produces especially fine apples. 
In addition to cattle, sheep, goats and horses, hogs are raised with 
success. It is very mountainous, although none of the peaks at- 
tain a great altitude. The principal mountains are the Diablo 
Range, altitude 9,000 feet, on the Gila Reserve; the Black Range, 
altitude 9,000 feet, on the Gila Reserve; McMullea's Peak, alti- 
tude about 7,000 feet, on the Gila Reserve; the Burro Mountains, 
altitude 7,175 feet; Mimbres Ranged altitude 10,061 feet; Hen- 
drick's Peak, 7,574 feet ; Stein's Peak, Pyramid Mountains, 6,638 
feet; Quartzite Mountains, Peloncillo Mountains, Hachita Moun- 
tains, 8,353 feet; Guadalupe Mountains, Animas Mountains, 6,106 
feet; Big Hatchet Mountains. The principal rivers are the Gila 
with its tributaries, the Black, Diamond Creek, Apache Creek. 
East Fork, "West Fork, Little River, Sapello, Mogollon, Sacaton, 
Duck, Buckhorn, while the Dry, the Little Dry, Mule and Bear 
Creeks flow into the San Francisco; the ]\Iimbres wiih its trib- 
utaries, Mclvuight, Chicken aod Gavilon Creeks; Hanover, Cherry. 
Mangos, Faywood. Walnut, Animas, Cloverdale, San Simon and 
Guadalupe Creeks. 

Some of the oldest and most steady producers among the mines 
of the Territory are located here. The Central district embraces 
Hanover, Fierro, Santa Rita and other mining camps. The cop- 
per mines at Santa Rita were worked soon after 1800, and orig- 
inally the camp of Central was known as Santa Clara. As early 
as 1807 the annual production of the Santa Rita mines was 20,000 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 235 

mule loads of copper. Over 80,000,000 pounds of copper have thus 
far been produced by the property. Another old mine, almost 
as old as the Santa Rita, is the Hanover, near Fierro. It has pro- 
duced 1,000,000 pounds of copper. Another old producer in this^ 
vicinity is the San Jose. Prominent properties at Fierro are the 
Anson S., the Iron Head, the Copper Queen, the Modoc, the Emma, 
the Hanover jSTo. 3, the Nora, Dude and Holy Moses. In the Santa 
Rita basin are the Log Cabin and Belmont, and on Whitewater 
Creek, the Wild Cat. Half a mile east of Hanover is the Thunder- 
bolt, frbm which large quantities of zinc ore have been shipped 
to Mineral Point, Wisconsin. Nearby are the Copper Queen, Min- 
nie B., Philadelphia, Copper Kettle, Copper George, Peacock and 
the Hanover iron mine, which last produces over 125,000 tons of 
iron ore annually. In Gold Gulch are the Pactolus, the Owl, the 
Lucky Bill and the Dutch Uncle. Xear Central are the Texas, the 
Missouri, the Jasper and the Helen. The Lone Mountain district 
is four or five miles southeast of Central and has four patented 
silver prospects. 

The Mimbres district lies several miles northeast of Santa Rita 
and includes the camp of Georgetown, famous as a former pro- 
ducer of silver and having $3,500,000 worth of ore to its credir, 
although at present dormant. The principal mines are the Jack- 
son group, MciSTulty, Quien Sabe, Silver Bell and Naiad Queen. 
At the south end and upon the western slope of the Mimbres 
Mountains is the Carpenter district, the Grand Central, the Po- 
tosi and the Beanie lodes being the principal properties. This 
district will some day be a large producer of zinc and lead. Pinos 
Altos is the principal gold district and was a producer as early 
as 1860. The leading properties are the Pacific Extension, the 
Pacific, Mountain Key, Silver Cell, Cleveland group, Atlantic, 
Deep Down, Aztec, Manhattan, Mammoth, Gopher, Arizona. ISTo- 
gal, Blue Horse, Gold Bell, Alaska, Tom Boy, Dover, Ribbon, Nug- 
get, St. Louis, Comstock. Maud S., Giant, Esperanza and Pride of 
the West. The leading placer claims are the Log Cabin and Adobe. 
The district has thus far produced $5,000,000 worth of precious 
and base ores. From the Chloride Flat district, adjoining Silver 
City, $3,250,000 worth of silver has been taken. Six miles to the 
northwest are Camp Fleming and Bear Mountain, the principal 
property being the Granite Hill group. The Burro Mountain dis- 
trict is fifteen miles southwest of Silver City. This is a producer 
of both copper and turquoise. The principal properties aj'e the 
St. Louis, upon which is a 100-ton concentrator and around which 
the new camp of Leopold has been established ; the Klondike, Vir- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 237 

ginia, King and Qneen, Comanche group, Jo E. Sliericlan, Carter, 
Morrill, Favorite, Samson, Silver City, Hazel, Fannie, Tarantula, 
Santa Ana, Connecticut and Amazon. The White Signal district 
lies a few miles southeast of the Burro Mountain district and, prom- 
ises to become a producer of turquoise, gold, silver, lead and cop- 
per. The best known properties are the Coplen group and the 
J. W. Carter. The Black Hawk district is at the north end of the 
Burro Mountains. The Black Hawk has produced $600,000 worth 
of silver. Other properties are the Alhambra, the Eose and the 
Hobson group. The Clark's Peak district is thirty miles west of 
Silver City. It has four patented claims with a showing of gold, 
silver, copper, iron and lead. The Virginia and Pyramid dis- 
tricts lie south of Lordsburg. These districts produce gold, silver,, 
lead and copper. In the Pyramid district are the Viola, Leiten- 
dorf and Silver Tree groups. In the Virginia districts are the Ab- 
erdeen, Superior, Misers Chest, Lena, Wabash, Cobra Negra, Dun- 
dee, Ontario, McGinty, Galena Prince, Shoo-Fly, Three Heroes, 
Carrie, Dacotah Pearl, Eighty-Five, Navy and Ninety-Nine prop- 
erties. The Gold Hill district is twelve miles northeast of Lords- 
burg. Gold and silver, with some copper, are the chief values. 
The main properties are the Gold Chief, Standard group. Little 
Chief, Lottie, Golden Culley, Summit, Allie, Carrie Lee, Beta, 
Gamma, Never Fail, Western Belle, Alma and Eattlesnake. North- 
west of Gold Hill is the Malone district, having both lode and 
placer claims. Southwest of the railroad station of Hachita about 
six miles is the Hachita district, where turquoise and silver-lead 
carbonates are found. The principal properties are the King, 
Klondyke, xA.merican, Copper Dick, Silver Bell, Prize, Lady Frank- 
lin and Michigan. Sontheast of the Hachita is the Fremont dis- 
trict. It produces copper, zinc and silver-lead carbonates. The 
properties are the Bee Hive, Jack Doyle, American and Sulphide. 
Adjoining the Fremont on the southeast is the Apache No. 2 dis- 
trict, in which the Apache group is the principal property. It pro- 
duces silver-copper carbonates. The Stein's Pass district lies on 
the Arizona border, southwest of Lordsburg. The ores pro- 
duced are gold, silver, copper and lead. The Black group is the 
principal producer at present. The Volcano, which has produced 
over $110,000 of ore, the Wyman. Fraction, Pashlyky, Boss, Bach- 
elor, Queen, Daley, Merrimac, Buckhorn, Carbonate Hill, Dewey, 
Coon, Volunteer, Mayflower. Horse Shoe, Iron Clad, Wild Eagle, 
Buckeye, Colorado, Arizona King, Ohio and Gold Quartz are the 
best known mining claims. South of Stein's Pass is the San Simon 
district. Its leadrng mining claims are the Granite Gap^ Johnny 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 239 

Bull, Little Liicile, Mineral and Mineral Hill groups. The Cali- 
fornia district is near Eodeo and its minerals are copper, gold, sil- 
ver and lead. The Steeple Eock district is on the western boundary 
of the county. It has produced gold, silver, copper and lead. The 
chief groups are the Big Four, Carlisle, Jim Crow, Laura, Big 
Horse Shoe, National Bank, Billali, New Year's Gift, Summit, 
Alabama, Henrietta, Hortense and Little Mack. The A'nderson 
district is on the east bank of the Gila. It has a number of cop- 
per prospects. The Telegraph district is on the west bank of the 
Gila. Silver is the principal value, and the Tecumseh is the best 
developed property. 

Many of the mining properties above mentioned have been ex- 
tensively developed, and a few have been worked for over a century. 
In 1904 over half a million dollars' worth of copper was produced 
and about 150,000 tons of iron ore were shipped from Grant 
County. Several reduction works and mills are in operation. The 
principal mining camps are Hanover, Santa Eita, Fierro, Cen- 
tral, Gold Gulch, Pinos Altos, Leopold, Eed Eock, Steeple Eock, 
Stein's Pass, Lordsburg and Shakespeare. 

There are located in this county several hot and mineral springs, 
the best known being at Faywood, where there is a commodious 
hotel, and on the Gila Eiver just south of the Socorro boundary. 
The southern part of the Gila Forest Eeserve covers the north- 
western part of the County, and from Silver City start the prin- 
cipal roads into the Eeserve and to the Mogollon and CoA)ney min- 
ing districts. The county seat and largest town in Grant County is 

Silver City. 

Its location, protected on all sides by high hills, its dry atmos- 
phere and its almost constant sunshine, render this town a pretty 
and healthy residence place. Nine miles east of Silver City is 
Fort Bayard, where the United States government has located the 
army general hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis. The gov- 
ernment having put its stamp of approval, after careful investiga- 
tion, upon this climate for the cure of its soldiers and sailors, many 
other health seekers of late have been attracted to Silver City and 
surroundings. The census of 1900 gave the town a population of 
2,735, and Silver City precinct a population of 2,971 persons. The 
present population is estimated at 3^500. It is a well built town 
of brick business blocks and many nice brick residences. It has 
a good supply of water, both for domestic use and for fire protec- 
tion. Its merchants are energetic and progressive, and heavy 
stocks of goods are carried because the city supplies a large area 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 241 

of prosperous country. Two weekW newspapers are published, 
The Enterprise and The Independent. The public school system 
is very good and there is also located here one of the Territorial 
normal schools with a competent corps of teachers. Another edu- 
cational institution that does very good work is the Academy of 
Our Lady of Lourdes for girls. The city has an electric light plant 
and a telephone system that reaches all the important towns and 
mining camps surrounding it. There are several substantial 
church buildings of various denominations. There is one national 
bank and one savings bank here. There are also good hotels. The 
city has two smelters and reduction works, the Comanche smelter 
having a capacity of 2,000 tons a day and employing 250 men. 
The industries of the surrounding country are stock raising and 
mining. Mne miles north is located Pinos Altos, one of the oldest 
gold mining camps in the Territory. Mne miles east are Fort 
Bayard and the town of Central, while sixteen miles east are the 
mining camps of Santa Rita, Hanover and Fierro, in the center 
of the big copper and iron ore deposits. The trade of these towns 
and camps goes to Silver City. The climate makes it practicable 
to carry on mining every day in the year, both on top and under- 
ground. St. Joseph's sanitarium, under the care and direction of 
the Sisters of Mere}', is situated on an elevation in the western part 
of the town, and consists of two large brick buildings containing 
about thirty rooms. There is also located here a county hospital. 
The town is the terminus of the Deming-Silver City branch of 
the Santa Fe System and has railway connection Avith Pinos Altos. 
The office of the District Attorney for Grant County is located here. 

Lordsburg 

is situated at the junction of the SoTithcrn Pneific. the Arizona 
and Xew Mexico and the Lordsburg and Hachita Eailroads. With 
surroundings, it now has a population of about 1,200. The town 
was founded when the Southern Pacific Railroad was built through 
southern Xew ^Mexico and was made a division point. It has a 
large roundhouse and machine shops, an extensive yard of side- 
tracks, coal bunkers and two oil tanks with a capacity of more than 
3,000,000 gallons, as the Southern Pacific is using- oil in most of its 
engines. There are good business houses, two of which do a jobbing 
trade. There are electric light and ice plants here. Lordsburg 
has three churches, a good public school building and one weekly 
newspaper. The Western Liberal. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 243 

GUADALUPE COUNTY. 

Area. 3,952 square miles; ijopulatinn, 10,000; assessed valua- 
tion in 1905, $823,319. It is bounded on the north by San Miguel 
County, on the east by Quay and Roosevelt Counties," on the south 
l)y Chaves and Lincoln Counties, and on the wo^^t by Torrance, 
Bernalillo and San Miguel Counties. Postoffices are at Anton 
Chico, Casaus, Colonias, Conant, Cuervo, Epris, Fort Sumner, 
(Juadaluiie. Pastura, Pintada. Puerto de Luna, Eurli. Salado, Santa 
Posa and Sumiyside. 

The county is i-ajiidly developing. A few years ago it did not 
contain a mile of railroad, telegraph or telephone line. It was 
practically isolated from the world and even from its neighboring 
counties. But since, the Rock Island and El Paso and the El Paso 
and Xortheastern Railways, the latter now owned by the El Paso 
and Southwestern, have built into the county, forming a junction 
at Santa Rosa. With the railroads have come the telegraph, new 
towns, new settlers and new life. It is first of all a stock country. 
This year it produced 3.000,000 pounds of wool, and the sheep 
on its ranges are estimated at G00,000. Some of the highest grade 
wools produced in Xew Mexico come from this countv, thebulk 
being of Delainc-:\Ierino mixture. Cattle raising is an important 
business. About 10.000 Shetland ponies and about 10,000 goats 
are included in the county's wealth. In the eastern part are manv 
springs. On July 1, 1905, there were 1,562.578 acres subject to 
entry under the United States land laws, 44,566 acres being un- 
surveyed. and the range therefore is extensive. The Pecos River 
C'uts through from northwest to southeast and in its vallev are fer- 
tile agriculiural lands. Its principal tributaries are the Gallinas. 
Enteros, Agua Kegra Chiquita, San Juan de Dios, Alamogordo. 
Petrillo. Pintada, Salado and Los Lunas Creeks and Arroyos. The 
northwestern portion is in the draiiiage area of the Canadian ; the 
Pajarito and Cuervo are the principal tributaries. There are no 
modern or extensive irrigation systems. The county has no high 
UKuintain peaks or ranges, hut is, nevertheless, very rugged. Cuervo 
Hill attaining an altitude of 5,309 feet, and the Mesita de Guad- 
alupe 5.550 feer. One of the principal features of Gruadalupe 
County is its high table lands cut deep by arroyos, and its alkaline 
lakes. Part of its waters are alkaline. 

The crops raised are alfalfa, fruit, vegetables and cereals. There 
are no develo]ied mines, but indications of gold' and copper ores 
exist, and oil rock is quite prevalent around Santa Rosa and on 
the Agua Xegra Land Grant. Large deposits of good buHding 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 245 

stone and pinion and cedar trees are found in the foothills. The 
county will always be a fine stock country, for it possesses 
stretches of grazing lands that are not likely to be invaded by the 
farmer, miner or factory hand. But it also has good farming possi- 
bilities, especially if the Campbell dry soil culture method is used. 
The soil is very fertile and the building of storage reservoirs or 
tlie development of water by means of windmills, gasoline engines 
or other power, will ultimately place large tracts under cultivation. 
Fort Sumner is an old army post, and near it has been laid out a 
new town, known as Sunnyside, and which is to be the principal 
settlement under the Lake IJrton reservoir project, now under 
contemplation by the Reclamation Service. It will be an import- 
ant station on the Easterns Eailway of New Mexico, now under con- 
struction across Guadalupe County. It has a weekly newspaper 
and several stores. Puerto de Luna was the former county seat 
and is the center of a good agricultural district. Pastura is 
the postoffice and shipping point for the sheep ranches of the 
Salado Live Stock Company. Anton Chico and Colonias are agri- 
cultural settlements. The county seat is 

Santa Rosa, 

which consists of an old and a new town, the latter having been 
laid out since the building of the El Paso and Northeastern Eail- 
way and its junction with the Eock Island System. Five hundred 
acres are embraced in the townsite, which is picturesquely situated 
on the Pecos Eiver, and platted around a plaza, one side of the 
plaza being reserved for a modern hotel. The handsome Eock 
Island passenger depot faces the plaza, while the commodious 
freight depot is close at hand. It may soon be the terminus of a 
railroad to Dawson, for which surveys have been made by the 
El Paso & Southwestern Eailway Company. It is a prosperous and 
growing railroad, trade and stock center with a population of 1,200. 
It has two weekly newspapers, The Santa Eosa Star and La Voz 
Publica, a bank, several churches, a good public school, railroad 
repair shops and round houses. The new town is situated at an 
elevation of 4,600 feet. The surrounding country, with the excep- 
tion of the valleys along the river, is prairie and devoted to cattle 
and sheep raising. In the valleys splendid fruit, grain and vege- 
tables can be grown. The water in the Pecos Eiver from the Santa 
Eosa crossing south is alkali, while 100 yards above the crossing it 
is fairly good. The alkaline character of the water below is caused 
by gypsum and alkali springs flowing into the river. A remark- 
able example of the well and windmill method of irrigation now 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



•24: 



exists in the county at the Sumner ranch, eight miles north of 
Santa Kosa. Santa Rosa is a division headquarters of the Eock 
Island and El Paso Eailroad. It is here also that the Eock Island 
and El Paso division of the El Paso and Southwestern Eaihvay 
starts. The town is sheltered by hills on two sides. It is subject 
to few wind storms which are so likely to spring up at any time 
in the less protected uplands, which make up the greater part of 
the county. The country surrounding is not without its scenic 
attractions and the climate is good. Santa Eosa sandstone quar- 
ries are already well known. In addition to its local use, the 
superb sandstone, including solid red, white and gray colors and 
variegated hues, should develop a shipping industry of wide radius 
and profitable returns. 

LINCOLN COUNTY. 
Area, 4,659 square miles; population, 7,500; assessed valuation 
in 1905, $1,044,535. It is bounded on the north by Valencia^ Tor- 
rance and Guadalupe, on the east by Chaves, on the south by Chaves 
and Otero, and on the west by Otero and Socorro Counties. It is one 
of the oldest, and out of its original area have been cut all the other 
southeastern counties. Its postoffices are : Alto, Analla, Ancho, Ar- 
abela, Angus, Bonito, Capitan^, Carrizozo, Corona, Fort Stanton. 
Glencoe, Hondo, Jicarilla, Lincoln, Meek, ^gal, Oscura, Parsons, 
Picacho, Eichardson, Eudioso, San Patricio and White Oaks. Com- 
prising an area larger than that of the State of Connecticut, Lincoln 
County on Julv 1, 1905, had 1,955,260 acres subject to entry under 
the United States land laws, 88,687 acres being unsurveyed. It lies 
within the drainage area of the Pecos Eiver, although only the 
headwaters of several of its tributaries are within its lines. The 
Eio Hondo, one of its tributaries, is the largest stream and has 
as its affluents streams of clear, cool water, known as the Bonito, 
Eagle, the Little Eagle and Euidoso Creeks. The headwaters of 
the Eio Felix and the Eio Salado are also in the county, ^^ogal 
Creek and a number of independent water courses on the west 
side of the White Mountains, often dry during several months in 
the year, flow towa'rd the Eio Grande, but their waters are lost in 
the sands before reaching that river. Storage reservoirs to sup- 
plement the present primitive irrigation systems could increase 
the cultivated area to 100,000 acres, but until new sources of 
water supplv are discovered the greater part of the county will 
be given up to stock ranges and mining operations. The prin- 
cipal mountain ranges are the Sierra Blanca, rising to an eleva- 
tion of 11,900 feet: the Capitan. which in Capitan Peak rises to 




MINING AND OTHER SCENES IN LINCOLN COUNTY 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 249 

10,023 feet; the Gallinas, culminating in Gallinas Peak, 9,798 
feet; Carizo, 9,390 feet; the Jicarillas, the Tecolotes and the Tres 
Cerros mountains. Climate and soil are very suitable for the 
raising of fruit and grain. The orchards on the Bonito, the Eui- 
doso and other streams produce fruit that cannot be surpassed out- 
side of Xew Mexico. Good crops of oats, wheat and barley are 
raised without irrigation on some of the mesas south of Nogal. 
Even alfalfa is thus grown. Wheat yields thirty bushels, cabbage, 
30,000 pounds; beans, 4,000; apples and pears, 25,000 pounds, 
and grapes 9,000 pounds to the acre. It is estimated that there are 
in the county 200,000 sheep, 85,000 cattle, 10,000 goats and 3,000 
horses. Naturally, it is a fine stock country. It is rich in coal, 
as well as in the precious and base metals. The coal production 
of the Capitan mines, lately closed, has been as high as 100,000 
tons a year. Producing coal mines are located at White Oako. 
There are extensive undeveloped coal fields and iron ore deposits 
which presage future industrial prominence. Considerable timber 
covers the mountain sides, and the Lincoln Forest Eeserve, cover- 
ing 500,000 acres^ is situated in the county. There are two saw- 
mills, one flour mill and a number of reduction and cement works. 
At Fort Stanton, the United States Marine Hospital Ser- 
vice maintains a sanitarium for consuiuptives, thus giving con- 
vincing official testimony to the superiority of the climate of that 
part of ISTew Mexico. The Fort Stanton reservation has an area 
of 28,221 acres. Part of the Mescalero Indian Eeservation, hav- 
ing an area of 449,280 acres, is in the county. 

In the White Mountain mining district the Sierra Blanca lode 
was located as early as 1868, its principal values being gold. Placer 
prospecting is carried on in this district. The ISTogal district has 
been a producer and lies on the slopes of Nogal Peak, 9,983 
feet high. The American mine has produced $85,000 in gold: 
the Eockford, $8,000; the Helen Eae, more than $15,000. An- 
other good property is the Ibex. The Bonito district includes the 
mining district of Parsons. The Parsons mine has been a big pro- 
ducer of gold. Other properties are the Etta, Bismark No. 1 and 
No. 2, Lady Francis, Jennie Lind, George Washington and the 
Crow and Eaven groups. A few miles southeast of the Bonito 
are the Eagle Creek and Eio Euidoso districts. Copper and silver 
predominate, but gold and lead ores are also found. The principal 
prospects are the Modoc, Chance, Eeturn, Comanche and Virginia. 
The White Oaks district is known far beyond the bounds of New 
Mexico. The North Homestake is the oldest mine and has pro- 
duced $400,000 in gold. The Old Abe is the deepest mine in New 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 251 

Mexico, over 1,300 feet, and has produced $900,000 in gold. Other 
important properties are the Little Mack^ which has produced 
$50,000; the South Homestake, which has produced $600,000; 
the Lady Godiva, the Boston Boy^ the Compromise, the Eita, Henry 
Clay, Little Homestake, Comstock, Eip Van Winkle, Bristol, Thun- 
derer and Little Xell. The district has five mills and has produced 
almost $3,000,000 in gold. On Patos Peak, near White Oaks, is 
a coal mine that has been supplying the local demand. Other coal 
and extensive iron deposits have been located in the district. Pine 
building stone is found near the camp. The Jicarilla District has 
both lode and placer properties. Its elevation is 7,475 feet. On 
Jack Mountain, in this district, is an extensive iron deposit. Placer 
mining was conducted as early as 1850 there. The American Pla- 
cer Company has installed a dredge, which is idle at present. A 
mill has been erected in the district for the treatment of ores. The 
principal claims are the Iron King, Geneva, Mountain Boy, Com- 
ery, Eeady Relief, Admiral Dewey, Belmont, Good Luck, Belle of 
Memphis,^ Belle of New Mexico, Summit, Old Comrade, Little 
Giant, Eureka, Zulu, Richmond, Central, Revenue, Exit, Annex, 
Prince Albert, Dark Cloud, Queen Victoria, Jicarilla, Placer, 
Knickerbocker, Democrat, Cleveland, Hawkeye, Juana Gulch, Jan- 
uary and Jane Anderson. The Red Cloud district is located in 
the Gallinas Mountains. The principal locations are the Red 
Cloud, Tenderfoot, Deadwood, Old Hickory, Hoosier, Sunbeam, 
Buckhorse and Last Chance. Copper and lead are the principal 
ores, while large iron deposits are found, especially on the Harris 
group. At Ancho, a station on the El Paso & ^^ortheastern Rail- 
road, are cement works. The county seat is 

Lincoln 

a quaint old town with court house, school building and a num- 
ber of stores. The population of the precinct is 1,200. Rich 
farming land surrounds the settlement, which is OU' the Rio Hondo 
and is twelve miles from Capitan, the nearest railroad point. Fort 
Stanton, with its Marine Hospital for consumptives, is midway 
between Lincoln and 

Capitan. 

This town nestles in a spot surrounded on every side by rugged 
hills which rise on one side into the majestic Capitans and ter- 
minate on the other in the snow-capped Sierra Blanca, the Pike's 
Peak of New Mexico. These rugged hills rising in broken lint 
to meet the blue arch of heaven furnish ever-changing scenery 





WHITE OAKS, LINCOLN COUNTY, HOMES. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 253 

for the eye, as every glance reveals some new beauty. The ethereal 
blueness of the sky and the verdant hills in summer, or the brown 
and sombre of winter form a contrast of colors more beautiful 
than ever painted on canvas. The census of 1900 gave the pre- 
cinct in which Capitan is located a population of 670. 

Capitan was, prior to 1904, the location of the New Mexico Fuel 
Company's coal mines, where several hundred men were employed 
and which had a pay roll of nearly $10,000 a month, but which 
suspended operations in the summer of that year. The fertile sur- 
rounding valleys produce crops of fruit, grain and vegetables; the 
range keeps thousands head of cattle sleek and fat the year 
around, while the mountains contain riches of gold, silver, lead, 
copper and iron. Capitan is situated practically in the geograph- 
ical center of the county and can be reached by a direct route 
from all parts of the county. Being thus favorably located, it is 
the supply point for the surrounding country, the headquarters 
for mining companies operating in that section, and a trading 
point for farmers and stockmen. It is also a railroad point, being 
the terminus of the Capitan branch of the El Paso & Southwestern 
Railwa3\ Wagon after wagon loaded with hay, grain, wool, hides, 
etc., may be seen coming into the town daily, which return loaded 
with supplies for Fort Stanton, Lincoln, Bonito, Euidoso, Picacho, 
Hondo and other points. Capitan has a $12,000 brick public 
school building. It has several churches and two weekly news- 
papers. The Capitan Xews and El Farol. 

White Oaks 

is the liost knowni town in the county, with a population, accord- 
ing to the census, of 804. It was located in 1880, and its fame 
rests upon its gold mines, principally the Old Abe and North 
and South Homestakc. It is six miles from the El Paso & North- 
western Eailway and twelve miles from Carrizozo, situated on the 
same railway, from where once a day a stage coach runs 
to the town. It ha? three churches and a $3,000 school house, 
with good public schools. The elevation is 6,400 feet above the 
sea level. There are two hotels and a planing mill. Good water 
is secured from near-by springs. It is located in a beautiful 
valley or natural amphitheater in the "White Oaks Range, sur- 
rounded by high peaks covered with evergreen, pine, cedar and 
jimiper While several large cattle, sheep and goat ranches are 
located m its immediate vicinity, from which it derives profitable 
trade, the principal sources of the town's business, those which in- 
duced its establishment at this point, are mining operations. Some- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 255 

tiling more than twonty-iive yecars ago quartz veins, carrying vis- 
ible gold in large (juantities, were discovered in what are now 
known as the Xorth and South Homestake mines, and out of thest. 
discoveries and the "boom" created thereby grew the necessity for 
a trade center, and White Oaks was the result. It is inhabited 
by an enterprising class of citizens, who believe in good schools 
and churches. One weekly newspaper, The Outlook, is published 
here. The business houses would be creditable to a town of 3,000 
to 5,000 people. Xo place can Ijoast of a better climate. 

LUNA COUNTY. 

This county was organized in 1901. Its area is 2,946 square 
miles; population, 4,500; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,559,548. 
It is bounded on the north l)y Sierra and Grant Counties, on the 
east by Dona Ana County, on the south by Mexico, and on the 
west by Grant County. The postoffices are Cambray, Columbus, 
Cooks, Deniing, Gage, Hcrmanas and Xutt. 

Four-fifths of the area is public land. The Mimbres Eivcr tra- 
verses it partly from north to south. There is running water 
along its upper course, but at and south of Doming it is an under- 
ground river. There are also several small water courses, dry part 
of the year, however. Florida and other lakes, in addition tc the 
wells, furnish the water supply. The principal mountains are the 
Goodsight Eange, the Cooks Eange, rising to an elevation of 8,300 
feet; Eed Mountain, 5,416 feet; Black Mountain, 5,000 feet; Flor- 
ida, culminating in Florida Peak, 7,295 feet; the Little Florida 
Mountains, 6,000 feet, and the Tres Hermanas, reaching in Tres 
Hermanas Peak an elevation of 7,151 feet. The county is prin- 
cipally a cattle and mining section, although it has a fine, rich 
soil, which can be made to produce abundant crops* of all sorts. 
as well as fruits of the finest quality through the medium of irri- 
gation. The land under cultivation is mostly along the upper 
Mimbres Elver, although around Doming there are small truck 
gardens irrigated from wells. It has good railroad facilities, the 
Santa Fe, the Southern t'acific and the El Paso & Southwestern 
passing through, the last named having a branch line from Her- 
manas to Doming, where it forms a junction with the Southern 
Pacifie and the Saiiita Fe. The total railroad mileage is 257 miles. 
The mean altitude is 5,000 feet, and, excepting Dona Ana and 
Eddv, no county in New Mexico has a milder climate. The win- 
ters are warm and snow is rare. The summers are pleasant and 
the nights arc cool. There is no malaria lurking in the dry air, 
and Deming and surroundings are favorites with health seekers. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 2d < 

There are 300 days in the year which are classed "fair," while 
about forty-five days are recorded as partly cloudy, and only twenty 
as cloudy. As a cattle section, the county offers good facilities. 
It is dotted with wind mills, as good water is obtained from forty 
to fifty feet beneath the surface. Owing to the mild and equable 
climate and the abundance of water and grass, stockmen find it 
well adapted for breeding purposes. According to the best esti- 
mates there are 100,000 head of cattle in the county. Poultry and 
bees should prove very profitable, as good markets exist. 

The oldest and most important mining district is Cook's Peak. 
The total production of this district has beem $3,000,000, mostly 
lead carbonates. The Desdemona, Othello and Monte Cristo have 
produced $2,000,000; the Graphic group, $450,000; the Summit 
group, $350,000. Other important properties are the Teel and 
Poe, which have produced $200,000; the Lead King, the Conten- 
tion, Wisconsin and Minnesota, Mocking Bird, Cleveland, Excel- 
sior and Eoosevelt, Faywood, Wliite Oaks, Big Galena, Monitor 
and Bonanza. There are two camps, at Cooks and at San Jose. 
In the Floridas the Silver Cave has produced $60,000 worth of 
silver-lead ore. Copper also makes a showing in the district. The 
principal prospects are the Bear, Tiger, Iron Mask, Lead Car- 
bonate and Eoosevelt. In the Tres Hermanas district, twenty- 
fives miles south of Deming, the Cincinnati has produced $100,000 
worth of silver-lead ore. The Yellow Jacket, the Hancock and 
the Hetty groups are the principal properties. Important dis- 
coveries of rich zinc ore were made in this district in 1905, and 
shipments of the ore are now being made at regular intervals. The 
Yictorio district is in the western part, and from the St. Louis 
and Chance mines $1,500,000 worth of silver-lead ore and gold 
have been taken. A new district is the Stonewall at Hermanas, in 
the southern part. It has a number of promising copper prospects. 
It was formerly known as Carizilillo. The county seat and largest 
town is 

Deming. 
It was founded in November, 1881, when the Southern Pacific 
Eailway reached that point with its tracks. Six months later the 
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe completed its line there and formed 
a junction with the Southern Pacific, and assured to Deming a 
position of prominence. The surrounding plains also began to 
settle up, especially in spots where water was found. These new 
settlers were engaged in the cattle industry, and that industry 
has since furnished a substantial support to the town. Pros- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 259 

pectors located claims in the mountains 'round about, and as a 
consequence the mining industry, too, is contributing to the pros- 
perity of Deming and has helped to make it a business center. 
About a year after the completion of the railroads above men- 
tioned, a line was built into the mining district surrounding Silver 
City, which is now a branch of the Santa Fe Railway. In 1901 
work was started on the construction of the El Paso & South- 
western Railway, the road being completed the year following, 
giving Deming direct railway communication with the great min- 
ing regions of southern Arizona and of Sonora, Mexico, and the 
distinction of being one of two towns in New Mexico, namely 
Santa Fe and Deming, having three independent railroads. The 
town's location is well chosen, standing as it does on a broad, level 
plain at an altitude of about 4,300 feet and surrounded by pic- 
turesque mountains. Its southern latitude prevents severe cold 
in winter and assures mild, even temperature all the year around. 
The people of the mining camps in the various parts of Lu*na 
and Grant Counties, to the west and to the north, come to Dem- 
ing for their supplies and to ship their ores. There is a 60-ton 
smelter there. The water is noted for its purity and the abun- 
dance of the supply, the Mimbres River sinking into the gravel 
about twenty miles north and running beneath the surface in an 
inexhaustible stream directly under the town. The water is as 
pure and soft as rain water, thus making the town, with its ex- 
cellent railway facilities, a peculiarly favored spot for manufac- 
turing enterprises. It has a population of about 3,000 and is in- 
corporated under the village incorporation act. Merchandising is 
an important industry, there being a number of large, well equip- 
ped general stores. Next in importance is the shipping of stock, 
about 100,000 head of cattle being shipped annually during the 
season. Another industry which brings the farmer large returns 
is the cutting of hay. The plains surrounding the town' furnish 
thousands of tons of hay, mostly gramma grass and wild peas. A 
brickyard does a good business, as a greater part 'of the business 
houses built during the past few years are substantial brick struc- 
tures. There is an ice plant and electric light works. The town 
has two banks and a town hall. The Adelphi Club is an organiza- 
tion of about one hundred business men, which has fitted up ele- 
gant club rooms and which is doing good work. The Deming 
hospital is aided by the Territory and was established in 1897. 
There are two weekly newspapers, The Graphic and The. Head- 
light. The public school system is very satisfactory. The present 
public school building is a handsome modern brick structure which 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 261 

cost $20,000. Deming has a number of thriving church organi- 
zations. The office of the District Attorney for Luna County is 
located tJiere. 

M'KINLEY COUNTY. 

McKinley County was created in 1899. Its area is 5,377 square 
miles; population, 6,500; assessed valuation in 1905, $993,473. 
It is bounded on the north by San Juan and Sandoval Counties, 
on the east by Sandoval County, on the south by Valencia County, 
and on the west by x^.pache County, Arizona. Of its area, 885,847 
acres were on June 1, 1905, still subject to public land entry, 
138,924 acres of which were unsurveyed, the county being rrn the 
Santa Fe land district. Its principal wealth producing industry 
is coal mining, although a small area is under cultivation along 
the headwaters of the Zuni E'ver and Pescado Creek. Besides 
these the principal streams are the Big Puerco, Whitewater, Los 
Nutritas, San Miguel and Torreon. The county has no high moun- 
tain range, but is rugged. Hosta Butte attains an elevation of 
8,837 feet; Choiskai Peak exceeds 8,000 feet in elevation; Powell 
Mountain is 8,851 feet high, and the Zuni Buttes are over 7,000 
feet high. Many springs of good water are found in the hills and 
on the mesas. There are about 100,000 sheep and 5,000 head of 
cattle in the county. 

Over half a million tons of coal are produced annually, the mines 
being grouped around Gallup, the county seat. The Santa Fe Pa- 
cific Railroad traverses the county from east to west for seventy- 
five miles, and a branch road has been built from Thoreau into 
the Zuni Mountain timber districts, which are being exploited 
by the American Lumber Company. A north and south railroad 
has been surveyed, to be known as the Colorado & Arizona Eail- 
road, and is'to^be built from Durango, Colorado, to Cochise, Ari- 
zona. The principal coal mines are the Gallup, Weaver, which 
produces about 300,000 tons annually; Catalpa, Clark, which pro- 
duces 150,000 tons a year; Otero, Thatcher, Pocky, Cliff, Union, 
Black Diamond, Casna, Heaton, Canavan and Gibson. The coal 
field is the most extensive in New Mexico, covering 800,000 
acres and has 5,000,000,000 tons in sight. Around the different 
mines, canips have grown, the largest being Clarkville, Weaver and 
Gibson. In the eastem part are good copper indications, while 
around Manuelito considerable prospecting for oil has been done, 
as the indications are very promising. South of Gallup are salt 
lakes which will ultimately be of commcrc^ 1 value. 

East of Gallup are mineral springs. A portion of the northern 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 263 

part of the county is covered with lava. In the southern part 
are cliff dwellings and other prehistoric ruins. Excavations which 
have been made north of Thoreau have brought forth many relics, 
which are finding their way to eastern museums. The Chaca 
Canon and the "Pueblo Bonito, which are on the San Juan County 
line, are visited by many tourists, and contain some of the best 
preserved cliff dwellings in New Mexico. Part of the large ISTavaho 
Indian Eeservation, which covers 3,345,492 acres is New Mexico, 
is in the northwestern part. The Navahos are wealthy in sheep 
and horses and are good workmen, who are given employment 
on the railroads and in the sugar beet fields of Colorado. They 
are the tinest blanket weavers among Indian tribes, and their fame 
as silversmiths has spread far and wide. Part of the reservation 
is excellent range country, especially for sheep. Rich mineral in- 
dications, especially copper, also exist. In the southern part is 
the Zuni Indian Eeservation, the principal pueblo, Zuni, being 
one of the seven cities of Cibola and one of the most ancient and 
interesting pueblos in the southwest whose annual dances attract 
more and more tourists every year. The United States is building 
a $250,000 reservoir and irrigation system for the Zunis, who are 
husbandmen, their principal crops being Indian corn, beans, onions, 
melons and squashes. This system, when completed, will irrigate 
6,000 acres of land. Many of the Zunis have small orchards of 
peach, apricot, apple, cherry and plum trees and grape vines. The 
majority of them have from ten to twenty acres under cultivation, 
while some as high as thirty to forty acres. The area of the re- 
reserve is 42? square miles and it;j population is 1,552. Just east 
of the Zuni Indian reserve is the Mormon agricultural settlement 
of Ramah, on Pescado Creek. Fdrt Wingate and its military res- 
cTv^ation are fifteen miles southeast of Gallup and cover an area 
of 83,200 acres. Fort Wingate iB the only military post in New 
Mexico occupied at present. The following are the postoffices: 
Blackrock, Clarkville, Fort Wingate, Gallup, Gibson, Guam, Man- 
uelito, Ramah, Thoreau, Tohatchi and Zuni. There are also set- 
tlements at Nutria, Savoia, Navaho, Defiance, Coolidge and 
Chaves. The county seat is 

Gallup 

on the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad. Gallup has at present a pop- 
ulation of 3,000 people, including the families in the coal camps* 
of the various companies at short distances from the city limits. 
As do many other western towns, Gallup possesses a notable con- 
tingent of thrifty, brainy Scotch, English and Irish folk, who 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 265 

have added very materialh' to the rapid growth and solid devel- 
opment of the communit}'. The climate is dry, fairly equable and 
with few disagreeable features. The high altitude prevents exces- 
sive heat. The town has ample religious and educational facili- 
ties. The public school system is very creditable. The Indian 
trading stores on the Navaho and Zuni Eeservations get their sup- 
plies from Gallup merchants or by the way of Grallup. The Mc- 
Kinley County Eepublican is the only newspaper, being published 
weekly. 

Gallup is, above all, . a coal mining town and its coal industry 
is practically, thus far, only partly developed. Underneath the 
large region of which Gallup is the center, immense deposits of 
coal have been treasured by nature, awaiting the thrifty hand of 
capital to bring them to the surface and make it one of the 
richest coal mining centers in the Southwest. One mine alone, 
property of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, produced in 
one day (June 22, 1903), 1,550 tons of coal. The coal can be dug 
easily and there is practically no danger for the miner in the mines 
unless he should be exceedingly careless. No gas is to be feared. 
The coal is soft and of the best quality. The coal trade would nat- 
urally give the town a steady growth, but it is only one of its re- 
sources. Lying north is a field rich in oil-bearing sand and shale, 
samples of which experts in Pennsylvania oil fields have pronounced 
to be very rich in crude oil (kerosene). A vein of fire clay, free 
from iron and nodules and of excellent quality underlies the whole 
region, small and steady orders therefor being supplied to Arizona 
smelters. Pottery clay, brick clay, valuable sands, copper ore and 
other natural resources are found in the neighborhood. The great- 
est of all, however, lie above ground. 

The town is situated on the Puerco Eiver. The whole valley is 
filled for miles with rich soil, needing only water to make it one 
great, rich farm. Nature has kindly made a reservoir site four 
miles above the town, which drains an immense water shed that 
would supply sufficient water for the irrigation of the whole valley. 
Only a moderate amount of capital is needed to dam safely this 
site and to set going agricultural life that would make Gallup a 
much larger city and also give handsome returns for the money 
invested. The city is lighted by electricity, has water works, a 
telephone system, a large roundhouse and is a division point on 
the Santa Fe Pacific Kailroad. It has broad, clean streets and 
many of its buildings are of brick and stone. It has telephone 
connections with Fort Wingate. 





IN THE MORA VALLEY. 



ffHE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 267 



MORA COUNTY. 



Area, 2,543 square miles; population, 13,000; assessed valua- 
tion in 1905, $1,311,325. It is bounded on the north by Col- 
fax County, on the east by Union County, on the south by San 
Miguel County, and on the west by Taos, Eio Arriba and Santa Fe 
Counties. Postoffices: Abbott, Chacon, Cleveland, Gascon, Guad- 
alupe, HalFs Peak, Holman, La Cueva, Lucero, Mora, Ocate, Roy, 
Shoemaker, Wagon Moimd and Watrous. Other settlements are 
Eociada, San Jose, Don Tomas, San Antonio, Cebolla, Carmes, 
Golondrinas, La Jara, Los Mascarenos, Fort Union, Talco and 
Loma Parda. 

Mora County's agricultural products are its mainstay and are 
not exceeded in value by those of any other New Mexico county. 
It can rightfully claim the honor of being one of the leading agri- 
cultural counties of the Territory. However, its stock interests 
exceed in value even its agricultural wealth. It is one of the four 
small counties, yet its area is greater than that of the State of 
Delaware, and 715,932 acres, or an area greater than that of the 
State of Ehode Island, were on July 1, 1905, subject to entry. The 
county is mountainous, some of the peaks rising to an altitude of 
12,000 feet. In the western portion is the Sangre de Cristo Eange, 
which attains its highest elevation in the northwestern part, sev- 
eral peaks reaching an altitude of 12,000 feet. Independent moun- 
tain groups are the Turkey Mountains, attaining an elevation of 
8,383 feet; the Comudo Hills, 7,325 feet high; Cerro Mongia, 
6,564 feet; Maxon's Crater, 7,360 feet; Canadian Hills, Bald Moun- 
tain, Spruce Mountain and Null Peak. Volcanic formations, such 
as Ocate Crater, are characteristic. The hills are generally tim- 
bered, and a portion of the Pecos River Forest Reserve is .within 
the county limits. From the marni Sangre de Cristo Range, broken 
by foothills and picturesque canons, extends the mesa gently sloping 
toward the southeast. Mora County is nearly all within the drain- 
age area of the Canadian River, although the Pecos and the Santa 
C^ruz Rivers rise within its boundaries. The Mora, a tributary of 
the Canadian River, furnishes the principal supply for irrigation, 
although the Ocate and the headwaters of the Vermejo have a good 
flow. Besides these streams are the Wolf, 0. K., Las Cosas, Coyote, 
Cebolla, Perro and Piedra Lumbre and such lakes as Cherry, Gal- 
legos, La Cueva and others. 

The entire western part is covered by the Mora land grant and 
the Pecos Forest Reserve, the area of the latter being 431,040 acres 
and unparalleled in the Southwest for its mountain and forest 




ORA COUNTY COURT HOUSE AT MORA. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 269 

scenery. The irrigation systems are primitive, excepting three 
reservoirs and canals built at La Cueva. There are many fine 
reservoir sites, however, and instead of 20,000 acres, the present 
area under cultivation, there could easily be three times that ex- 
tent under ditch. The county has 35,000 head of cattle, 150,000 
head of sheep and 5,000 goats. The raising and fattening of 
beeves is a growing industry around Wagon Mound, Watrous, 
and other towns. The principal crops are wheat, oats, alfalfa, 
corn, barley, rye and vegetables, especially tomatoes. Horticul- 
ture< is a very successful pursuit. From the Mora Valley 2,000,000 
pounds of corn and 300,000 pounds of oats are shipped annually. 
On the La Cueva ranch alone 2,000 acres are under cultivation, all 
in cereals, alfalfa and fruit trees. The following are the principal 
agricultural valleys : The Mora and its extension, the Agua Negra, 
twenty-two miles' long, the narrowest place being 400 yards wide 
which extends for about twelve miles, the remainder being from 
two to three miles wide. The Guadalupita Valley is five miles 
long and three miles wide along the Guadalupita and then runs 
ten miles to Lucero, averaging about a quarter of a mile in width. 
The Llano del Coyote is about three miles long and one mile wide. 
The La Cueva Valley, not including 10,000 acres of the La Cueva 
Eanch Company, has an area of about 5,000 acres. The Cherry 
and Watrous Valleys produce alfalfa principally, although a large 
quantity of grain is raised annually, being used mostly in fatten- 
ing cattle, there being about 20,000 head in these two valleys. 
Besides these valleys, which all have irrigation systems, there are 
the Lower Cebolla! Buena Vista, Carmen, Gascon and others that 
are productive. Mora has a great resource in the timber on the 
near-by mountains and seven million feet are shipped annually. _ 

Mineral indications of great pronnse exist in the mountains 
and foothills. Development work is being done in the Eociada, 
on the San Miguel Countv line, and Coyote districts. At Eociada, 
copper, gold, silver and zinc are the values, the principal mines 
beino- the Eisinff Sun, Azure, Joe and Jennie and Lone Star. T};*- 
principal group^at Covote is the Overton, a copper prospect. Mora 
will some day figure as a coal producer. Clay for brick making, 
red and white sandstone and limestone exist in large quantities 
and of commercial qualitv. The county is crossed from north to 
south by the Santa Fe Eailway for about forty miles. A railway 
has been surveyed from Las Vegas to Mora. The Dawson rail- 
way cuts across the eastern part. The county seat is 





STREET SCENES IN MORA. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 271 



Mora. 



It was first settled in 1832 and is situated in a very pretty val- 
ley. It is surrounded by niountaiuo oji all sides except where 
the valley runs southward to Rociada and to San Miguel County. 
The Mora River supplies it vrith an abundance of water and fur- 
nishes power to several grist mills. The town has good roads 
connecting it with outside points, and is connected by telephone 
with Las Vegas. There are four general stores carrying large 
stocks. 

Mora has a nice court house, a Roman Catholic Church, a 
Presbyterian Church, a Catholic Convent, conducted by the Sisters 
of Loretto, who also maintain a school for girls, and quite a num- 
ber of pretty homes. The population is about 700. It is a pleas- 
ant summer resort and many fishing parties from Las Vegas and 
other points go there to fish for trout. The Rio de la Casa, which 
comes tumbling from the mountains, contains the speckled beau- 
ties. Promising mineral prospects are in the foothills near by. 
All that Mora needs to become a large and prosperous town is a 
railroad. 

Wagon Mound 

is the largest settlement, the census of 1900 giving Wagon Mound 
precinct a population of 895, while the population of the town 
itself is 500. Its elevation is 0,250 feet above sea level and it has 
a good climate. Mountain peaks make its surroundings especially 
picturesque. The principal occupation of its inhabitants is stock 
raising and merchandising. It is a prosperous commimity with a 
good public school, which is housed in a modern $5,000 building. 
There are two large mercantile houses doing an extensive busi- 
ness, two churches and a weekly newspaper, El Combate, Spanish, 
is published. Wagon Mound is situated on the main line of the 
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, and, owing to its climatic 
advantages and beauty of surroundings, is attractive to health 
s-^sekers. It is a great wool and stock shipping point and the trad- 
ing center for the Ocate and Mora Valleys. The Santa Fe Rail- 
way Company has a large sheep dipping plant here. Several fine 
farms in the vicinity offer accommodations to health seekers. 

Roy 

is a new town, a station on the Dawson Railroad, which runs from 
Tucumcari in Quay to the great coal fields at Dawson in Colfax 
County. The town has at this time about 300 inhabitants, it has 
a large wholesale mercantile establishment and several smaller 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 273 

stores and a weekly newspaper, El Hispano Americano. The town 
is surronnded by prosperous stock ranches. 

Watrous. 

The settlement of Watrons is a supply point for a large area 
and has 'round about it many prosperous stock ranches. It is 
situated near the site of old Fort Union and its business establish- 
ments are largely patronized by the agricultural settlements of the 
Mora Valley. There are extensive stone quarries near, from which 
much rock for ballast for the Santa Fe Railway tracks in New 
Mexico is produced. 

OTERO COUNTY. 

Area, G,870 square miles; population, 8,000; assessed val- 
uation m 1905, $2,027,937. Postoffices : Alamogordo, Avis, 
Brice, Cloudcroft, Hereford, Jarilla Junction, La Luz, Mayhill, 
Mescalero, Mountain Park, Oran, Orange, Russia, Three Elvers, 
Tularosa, Weed and Wright. The county is bounded on the north 
by Lincoln and Socorro Counties, on the east by Lincoln, Chaves 
and Eddy Counties, on the south by El Paso County, Texas, and 
on the west by Dona Ana and Socorro Counties. 

Excepting agricultural settlements at Tularosa, La Luz, Weed 
and a few other points, several scattered ranches and a few pros- 
pectors in the Jarillas and the Indians on the Mescalero Reserva- 
tion, Otero County in 1898 was practically uninhabited. It was 
in that year that it was- created a separate county, but since then 
it has grown rapidly in population and wealth. About 4,000,000 
acres of its area, however, are still subject to entry. Over 2,500,000 
acres are open range, and 138,000 acres are included in the "White 
Sands," a deposit of gypsum. The White, the Sacramento, the 
Hueco, the Jarilla and the Guadalupe Ranges are the principal 
mountain groups, reaching an elevation of 10,000 feet. The rivers 
are but small streams, periodical in their flow, and many, having 
no outlet, lose themselves in the sands. Tularosa, La Luz, Sacra- 
mento Creeks and the headwaters of the Lower Penaseo, of Eagle 
Creek and other brooks flow from the foothills down pictur- 
esque canons into the open valleys and tablelands. A considerable 
area is under cultivation, it being practical to raise crops in parts 
of the Sacramento and White Mountains without irrigation. A 
dam across Rinconada Canon, near Tularosa, which will impound 
sufficient water to irrigate 20,000 acres, is projected. The leading 
industries are stock raising, cattle, sheep and goats doing equally 
well ; mining, especially in the Jarillas, where gold, silver, copper. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 275 

lead and turquoise deposits exist; lumbering, there being thou- 
sands of acres of virgin timber lands in the Sacramento Moun- 
tains, and manufacturing, there being lumber mills, tie preserving 
plants and railroad shops at Alamogordo. The Mescalero Apache 
Indian Eeservation and part of the Lincoln Forest Keserve are in 
the county. The agency is located at Mescalero, which is a settle- 
ment of considerable size and is reached by stage from Tularosa. 

The Jarilla mining district is a producer of gold, copper and 
turquoise, and a large smelter is to be built in the camp. The 
principal properties are the Three Bears, the Nannie Baird, the 
Little Annie, Garnet, Alabama, Last Chance, Monte Carlo, Alice, 
St. Louis, By Chance, Altamont, Penarilla, Lucky, Lincoln. Excel- 
sior, Maggie, North End, Red Hill and Seven-Come-Eleven. Ex- 
tensive placers are being worked in this camp, and from the Iron 
Queen 1,500 tons of iron ore have been shipped to the smelter 
at El Paso. The camp is now known as Brice. 

At Jarilla Junction, not far from the mining district, a town- 
site has been laid out, to be known as Oro Grande, and promises 
to become a prosperous town, for it is planned to build a large 
smelter there for the treatment of the ores of the Jarilla District. 
There are about one hundred houses already erected and many more 
are in course of construction. A £ipe line, fifty-five miles long, to 
convey water from the Sacramento River to the town, is being 
built. A weekly newspaper. The Oro Grande Times, is published. 
Prospecting is carried on in the Sacramentos, east of Alamogordo, 
and gold and copper ores have been found. At High Rolls a quarry 
of lithographing stone is being worked, and near Alamogordo fine 
marble quarries have been developed. In the vicinity of Tularosa 
mining operations are carried on. The county seat and largest 
town is 

Alamogordo, 

4,500 feet above the sea level and probably the prettiest town in 
the Territory. The town was established only in recent years and 
has today over 4,600 inhabitants, broad streets, brick business blocks 
well stocked with merchandise, five churches, the Southwestern 
Baptist College, the Territorial Asylum for the Blind, two large 
saw mills, costing over $200,000 ; an electric light plant and ice 
factory, steam laundry, planing mill, an artificial stone plant, which 
utilizes the gypsum from the White Sands, a water works system 
which cost $100,000, a railway hospital, a Woman's Club, a park 
a mile long, two weekly newspapers. The Alamogordo News and 
the Otero County Advertiser; a fine railroad depot, an imposing 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 277 

public school building and a public library. The streets arc lined 
with shade trees, and here and there about the city are beautiful 
parks. The city water supply is brought twelve miles from springs 
in Alamo Canon^ the last eight miles of the distance being piped. 
The water for the irrigation system is brought from I^a Luz Canon, 
seven miles away. A $35,000 court house has been constructed, 
and a $75,000 tie preserving plant. The town is the geographical 
and commercial center of a fine fruit growing section; has thou- 
sands of tributary fertile acres open to homestead entry; is on 
the main line of the shortest route between Kansas City^ Denver 
and El Paso to California and Mexico, and it is within several 
hours' jaunt of the famous Cloud City, a summer and scenic 
Southwestern resort, with which it is connected by the Sacramento 
Mountain Railway, one of the engineering wonders of the United 
States. The headquarters of the Sixth Judicial District, composed 
of the counties of Otero, Lincoln, Torrance, Guadalupe and Quay, 
are located in this thriving and attractive little city. 

Tularosa 

is situated oil the El Paso & Northeastern Railway. Its latitude 
is about 33 degrees north and it lies at the base of the White 
Mountains, whose highest peak, about twenty-five miles distant, 
rises to an altitude exceeding 10,000 feet. It is supplied with 
water by the Tularosa Creek, which is a mountain stream whose 
source consists of several mountain springs containing iron, mag- 
nesia and sulphur, on the reservation of the Mescalero Indians, 
flowing for about twenty miles through the canon which divides the 
White Mountains and the Sacramento Range. These mountains 
are covered with pine, fir, juniper, pinion and balsam fir, all of 
which endow the atmosphere with healing balm beneficial to the 
lungs. 

The temperature of Tularosa and vicinity ranges from the freez- 
ing point to ninety degrees Fahrenheit. This is the record for 
eighteen years. The thermometer reaches its highest point about 
the middle of iVugust, when for about two weeks it indicates ninety- 
four degrees at noon and remains there until 3 o'clock in the after- 
noon, when it begins to decline, aind at night a breeze sets in from 
the mountains, which renders a blanket necessary before morning. 

Fruits of the temperate zone grow to perfection in Tularosa. 
There is no record of a failure of the fruit crop since the set- 
tlement of the town in 1863. Grapes do well and alfalfa produces 
from one to two tons per acre at each cutting, and from three to 
five tons each year. Tomatoes grown here are large and of good 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 279 

flavor. Watermelons and cantaloupes do well, the flavor of the 
cantaloupes being fine and the vines very prolific. Apiaries yield 
honey of good quality. The population in and near the town is 
about 1,000, the census of 1900 giving the precinct a population 
of 752. The town has a public school building and a weekly news- 
paper, The Tularosa Eeporter. The Catholic is the oldest church 
in the town. The mountain ranges show indications of gold, sil- 
ver, copper, iron and coal. 

Cloudcroft. 

At Cloudcroft, a scenic summer resort in the Sacramento Moun- 
tains, on the Sacramento Mountaiui Eailway, a branch of the El 
Paso & Southwestern Railway, is a prosperous settlement with 
good schools, churches and a weekly newspaper. Its elevation is 
9,000 feet, and scores of comfortable summer cottages have been 
built in the natural park surrounding the resort. Hundreds of 
visitors from southern New Mexico, Arizona and Texas spend part 
of the summer season there. 

QUAY COUNTY. 

Area, 2,805 square miles ; population, 6,000 ; assessed valua- 
tion in 1905, $589,723. It is bounded on the north by Union and 
San Miguel Counties, on the east by Oldham, Deaf Smith and 
Parmer Counties, Texas; on the west by Guadalupe, and on the 
south by Eoosevelt County. On July 1, 1905, there were subject 
to public entry in this county 1,467,532 acres, 40,620 acres being 
unsurveyed. County seat, Tucumcari. Postoffices : Dodson, En- 
dee, Montoya, Moore, Quay, Puerto, Eevuelto and Tucumcari. The 
county was created by the Thirty-fifth Legislative Assembly in 
1903 and was named in honor of the late United States Senator 
Matthew Stanley Quay, of Pennsylvania. Guadalupe and Union 
Counties gave the area to create the county, the greater part com- 
ing from Guadalupe. Tucumcari is a busy railroad center at the 
junction of the Chicago, Eock Island & Pacific Eailway and the 
Dawson Eailway. These two railroads traverse the county and give 
ample railway facilities, which have resulted in the coming of 
many settlers. 

Quav is classed as a plains county. l)ut it is by no means entirely 
level, the surface being broken by hills and peaks, which at times 
rise to the dignity of mountains, all being foothills of the great 
Eoeky Mountains. The southeastern portion is part of the Staked 
Plains. The county is in the drainage area of the Canadian Eiver 
in its northern part. Besides the Canadian, the Pajarito is the 





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'se*T-^|*., 



'■0-'. 



A* f ,* 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 281 

principal water course. The Plaza Largo, and the Triijillo are 
other streams, but are dry part of the year. Basins or holes dot 
the plains which are filled with water at times, forming, lakes in 
the rainy season. 

Being a grazing country, the stock industry flourishes. On its 
ranges are 150,000 sheep and 60,000 cattle. - Tucumcari has be- 
come a great wool shipping center, the grade of wool produced be- 
ing above the average. The mild winters, the extensive and well 
grassed ranges and a fair supply of water make the county especi- 
ally favorable to the stock industry. 

Agriculture is also carried on upon a limited scale, but is rap- 
idly extending and the Campbell soil culture method is prac- 
ticed more and more. Water for irrigation is supplied chiefly by 
wells. Water can be raised by windmills or with gasoline engines. 
On the Pajarito and other arroyos in the vicinity of Tucumcari are 
a number of good farms. A beginning has been made in raising 
fruit, the climate being especially adapted to horticulture, apiary, 
chicken farming and other branches of husbandry. Dry farming 
gives encouraging results. Excellent building stone is found, as 
well as clay for the making of brick. The climate, like that of 
the rest of the Territory, is a specific for lung and throat trouble. 
The winters are mild and the summers are cool, especially the sum- 
mer nights. The altitude varies between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. 
Around Tucumcari and in other sections of the county the public 
land has been pretty well taken up by homesteaders. 

Tucumcari 

is the principal town. There are small settlements at Dodson, En- 
dee, Montoya, Puerco and Eevuelto where postoffices and stores are 
maintained. Tlic town is beautifully situated, being at the foot 
of the Tucumcari Mountain, at the junction of the Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific Railway, the Dawson Railway and the survey of 
the Choctaw-Amarillo extension. The surrounding country is a 
rolling prairie, broken and intersected by small streams and the 
Canadian' River, which flows through the eastern portion. Tucum- 
cari has a population of 1,000, a $15,000 court house and jail, a 
$10,000 school building, a fine bank building, large mercantile 
establishments and pretty homes. It has two newspapers, The 
Times and The News. The town commands an extensive trade 
territory and is the center of a large sheep and wool industry. A 
wool scouring plant is in successful operation, 1,500,000 pounds 
of wool beins scoured there in 1905. The office of the Territorial 




^1. TrZL.£%.*»af'..^ -#"-' 




3 









^.■ 









THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 283 

District Attorney for the Counties of Quay and Guadalupe is 
located here. 

RIO ARRIBA COUNTY. 

Area, ^5,932 square miles; population, 1900 census, 13,177; since 
then Espanola precinct of Santa Fe County has been added; pres- 
ent population of the county, 16,500; assessed valuation in 1905, 
$1,045,563. County seat, Tierra Amarilla. Postoffices : Abiquiu, 
Alcalde, Canjilon, Chama, Chamita, Cordova, Coyote, Dixon, El 
Eito, Edith, El Vado, Einbudo, Espanola, Gallina, Hopewell, Lum- 
berton, Lyden, Mariana, Monero, Park View, Petaea, Kanchitos, 
Rinconada, Kosa, Tierra Amarilla, Truchas, Tusas, Vallecitos and 
Velarde. It is the seventh largest county, having more than five 
times the area of the State of Rhode Island, thrice that of Dela- 
ware, a greater area than Connecticut, and is almost as large as 
Hawaii. The county is bounded on the north by Conejos, Archuleta 
and La Plata Counties, Colorado ; on the east by Taos, on the south 
by Sandoval, Santa Fe and Mora Counties, and on the west by San 
Juan County. On July 1, 1905, the area subject to public land 
entry was 2,339,021 acres, of which 728,166 were unsurveyed. The 
county is well watered, the principal rivers being the Rio Grande, 
which always has ample water for irrigation within the county, 
and the Chama. There are many lesser streams, including the 
Vallecitos, Brazos, Amargo, San Antonio, Pinos, San Juan, 
Coyote, Ojo Sarco, Santa Clara, Caliente, Las Trampas, Petaea, 
ISTutritas, Cebolleta, Canjilon, Gallinas and the headwaters of the 
Rio Jemez, 

A small portion of the Pecos River Forest Reserve, and the norlh- 
eni part of the Jemez Forest Reserve are within the county, as is 
also the Pueblo of San Juan with a grant of 17,545 acres, and the 
Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, upon which the government 
has built a fine day school and irrigation works for 830 Apachas 
who live upon the reservation, which covers 404,788 acres. Re- 
cently a reservation of 33,000 acres was set apart by the President 
for the inhabitants of the Santa Clara Pueblo, which is partly in 
the county. Rio Arriba County is very mountainous, risi-ng in the 
Las Truchas Peaks in the southeastern corner to an elevation ex- 
ceeding 13,000 feet and over 12,000 feet in the peaks of the Cum- 
bres Range along the northern boundary. In addition to the Sangre 
de Cristo and Cumbres Ranges, the principal mountains are the 
Jemez, Gallinas, Cejita Blanca, Brazos, Capulin, White, San An- 
tonio, Ortiz and Tusas Peaks. 

Rio Arriba County has produced considerable mineral, princi- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 285 

pally gold, coal and mica, although its copper mines are also im- 
portant, but mot great producers. The mining districts arc 
the Bromide, the Headstone, the Copper Canon, the Ojo Calient o 
and the Monero Districts. The Bromide District is forty miles 
west of Tres Piedras on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. Tusas 
Peak, 9,500 feet high, is the highest mountain in the district and 
the principal mines lie on the slopes or in the foothills of this peak. 
The first mine located was the Bromide, in 1881, and $18,000 worch 
of ore has been produced by the property. The ore yields silver 
only. The Dillon Development tunnel will cut through the ex- 
tensive schist formation of this district and is to be 6,300 feet 
long. The main properties in the district are the Payroll, Admira', 
Wedge, Blue Bell, Tampa, Whale, Mayflower, Sixteen-to-One, Sar- 
dine, War Eagle, Mexican King, Merrimac, Midnight, Wayne- 
Arriba, Last Dollar, Keystone, l.^ontiac, Walker, Iron Cla.l, r7old 
Pan, Butterfly, Red Fissure, Farragut, Agnes, Royal Purple, Inde- 
pendence, Strawberry, Jose D. and Big Sandy, thf, loading ores 
being copper carbonates and sulphides carrying gold and silver. 
The Hopewell district became first known for its gold placers, 
from which during the first three years one company took $175,- 
000. A hydraulic plant has been erected on the Lowev Flat plac- 
ers. The ores of the camp are principally sulphides carrying gold. 
On the Mineral Point, 1,500 feet of development, work has bcun 
done. Other mines are the Jawbone, Good Hope, Crescent, Duck, 
Golden Age, Atlantic, Silent Friend, Hornet, Iron Mountain, Co- 
lumbia, Ten Better, Buckhorn, Hidden Treasure and Emerald. 
The Copper Canon district lies near Abiquiu. The best known 
location is the Lily Belle, on which a 60-foot tunnel has been driven. 
The ore is copper glance in white sandstone. The Ojo Caliente 
district is in the eastern part of the county. One group is the 
Antonio Joseph, which was Avorked in the early days by the Span- 
iards. It carries gold and silver. The Chicago and Big Missouri 
are other groups. The Mica Age is a fine mica prospect. The 
Petaca district is principally noted for its mica deposits, which are 
known as the Cribbensville deposits. Considerable mica has been 
shipped from these properties. The Monero district is a producer 
of bituminous coal, the annual production being about 50,000 tons, 
mostly consumed by the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The 
mines are named the Monero, the McBroom and the Kutz. About 
sixty men are given employment on these properties. In the Chama 
River are extensive placer deposits, mostly in black sand, and many 
efforts have been made to reclaim the gold, but thus far unsuccess- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 287 

fully. Prospecting is carried on in other parts of the county, but 
thus far Eio Arriba has not been a great mineral producer. Build- 
ing stone^ gypsum, clay and tufa are of common occurrence. 

Eio Arriba is one of the richest of Xew Mexico's sub-xiivisions, 
a bulletin' of 1902 showing that its agricultural wealth amounted 
to $3,566,000. As there are many good reservoir sites, a consider- 
able portion of the water supply will at some future day be avail- 
able for irrigation purposes, but at present most of it flows to 
waste, only about 50,000 acres being under ditch and 30,000 acres 
under cultivation. On the Lobato Grant the preliminary work has 
been done for the construction of a reservoir system to reclaim 
20,000 acres. Near El Rito work is progressing on a reservoir and 
ditch system, which will place about 8,000 acres under irrigation 
in the El Rito A^alley. The county is in the drainage area 
of the Rio Grande^ except that small portion west of the Conti- 
nental Divide. Rio Arriba County has the dry, sunny mountain 
climate so much sought by health seekers. Aljout 140 miles of 
the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad traverse it, in addition to about 
thirty-five miles of timber railroad with its present terminus at 
El Bado and connecting with the Denver & Rio Grande at Lum- 
berton. Sheep, cattle and goat raising is the main industry, the 
public range in summer being especially fine. The number of 
sheep in the county is about half a million. The mountains and 
foothills are ideal grazing grounds for goats. Next in importance 
are agriculture and horticulture. Some of the finest orchards in 
the Southwest are to be found in the Espanola and Chama Valleys. 
The shipments of fine fruit during 1905 amounted to 2,200,000 
pounds. Then come the manufacture of lumber and mining. There 
are many attractions for tourists, among them being the cliff dwel- 
lings of the Pajarito Park. Some of the settlements are among 
the oldest in the United States. 

Tlerra Amarilla 

is the county seat and is situated in the beautiful Chama Valley 
with pretty agricultural settlements around it. The population 
of Tierra Amarilla and contiguous settlements, including the 
charming village of Park View, is about 2,200. A weekly news- 
paper, El Republicano, is published here. Tierra Amarilla and 
Park View boast of several fine business houses and are also the 
center of a good stock country. The office of the Territorial Dis- 
trict Attorney for Rio Arriba and San Juan Counties is located 
here. At Park View a fine modern steam flouring mill is in 
operation. 




CANON OF THE BRAZOS, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 289 

Chama 
is a modem railroad town on the Denver & Rio Grande Eailroad, 
on which it is a division point, and it is a shipping point for the 
wool, lumber and other products of the northern part. It has 
public schools and churches. Near the town are stone quarries, 
from which the stone for the Colorado Capitol at Denver was taken. 
Eanehes and stock ranges surround the town, and near by are sev- 
eral fine trout streams and good hunting grounds. The Denver & 
Rio Grande Railroad maintains here big dipping vats for sheep. 
The population is 500. 

Abiquiu 
is one of the oldest settlements in the Territory and is centrally 
located in the Valley of the Rio Chama. For many years it was 
an outpost against hostile Indians and many expeditions against 
the Apaches and TJtes were organized here. It has an interesting 
history and was, up to within thirty years ago, quite important in 
the county. It is today a good trading center and has, a number 
of fine orchards. In the Chama River Valley, north of Abiquiu, 
are placer gold deposits. 

El Rito. 

El Rito is a pretty settlement in the El Rito Valley. It has a 
substantial church, a number of modern residences and the New 
Mexico Reform School. It is to be the center, of an extensive 
irrigation system, work on the necessary reservoirs and ditch sys- 
tem being now in progress. . 

Espanola. 
Espanola is a prosperous commercial and agricultural commu- 
nitv with several large wholesale houses. It is the metropohs of 
the beaatiful and fertile Espanola Valley and an important ship- 
pin^ point on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. La Luz, a 
Spanish weeklv, is published here. Several of the best orchards 
in: New ^lexico, including the famous Sunshine Orchard at Angos- 
tura, are situated near Espanola. 

Chamita. 
An agricultural center around which cluster many settlements 
opposite the Rio Grande from the ancient and quaint Indian pueblo 
' of San Juan. Chamita is probably the oldest white settlement m 
the United States, the Spanish Conquistadores having made their 
first settlemeat in the United States at San Gabriel, practically a 
part of Chamita. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 291 

As is indicated by the postoffices, Eio Arriba County has many 
little towns, most of them charmingly situated and having mer- 
cantile establishments, public schools and churches. At Velarde 
is a Baptist mission school and church. 

ROOSEVELT COUNTY. 

Area, 3,110 square miles; population, 7,500. The census of 1900 
gave this area a population of 383. Assessed valuation in 190o, 
$1,014,826. County seat, Portales. Postoffices: Arch, Bethel, 
Blacktower, Delphos, Elida, Floyd, Langton., Portales, Texico and 
Tolar. Eoosevelt County, named after the President, was created 
by the Thirty-fifth Legislative Assembly and came into existence 
May 1, 1903; of its area on July 1, 1905, there were still subject 
to entry 1,532,980 acres, of which 89,680 were unsurveyed. The 
county is bounded on the east by Parmer, Bailey and Cochran 
Counties, Texas; on the south by Chaves County, on the west by 
Chaves and Guadalupe Counties, and on the north by Quay County. 
The Pecos Valley" & Northeastern Eailway crosses it from northeast 
to southwest for fifty-four miles, and the Eastern Eailway of jSTew 
Mexico, now under construction, crosses its northern part from 
east to west, forming a Junction with the Pecos Valley & North- 
eastern at Texico. Along this line in the county the following 
townsites have been platted and will undoubtedly be the location 
of thriving settlements : Newman, sixteen miles west of Texico ; 
Sumner, sixty-three miles west of Texico, the public lands from 
Texico to Sumner, along the railroad, being almost all filed upon 
by settlers. It is distinctively a plains county, and, excepting 
a fraction of the northeast corner, is rectangular in form. It 
measures sixty miles from east to west and fifty-four miles 
from north to south. It is the eighteenth county in size and 
yet covers an area about three times the size of the State of 
Ehode Island. Its western boundary is approximately along the 
divide or watershed between the Pecos Eiver on the west and the 
Brazos Eiver on the east. The principal valley crosses the county 
from a point on the west boundary line, north of the center, to 
a point a little south of the center of the eastern boundary line, 
so that the entire couDty is traversed in a northwesterly-south- 
easterly direction by a broad valley, which has come to be known 
as the "Inland Valley." It is for the greater part of its length 
skirted on either side by low hills and bears all the indications of 
having been at one time the course of a broad, flowing stream of 
water. There are at intervals along the course of this valley, 
springs from which flow streams of pure, non-alkaline water. Par- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 293 

ticularly is this true near the head of the valley, where there is a 
considerable number of such. The course of the drainage for the 
flow of waters divides at a point a little north and west of the 
center. The one part forms the head of what is known as the 
Black Water branch of the Brazos River, and the other forms the 
headwaters of the Yellow Horse branch of that stream. Numerous 
draws grade into the inland valley at various points, coming from 
different directions and distances, covering the entire country with 
a network of drainage. These draws and valleys are for the most 
part broad and the grade from the higher land is so slight that 
in passing over the surface the descent or the ascent is scarcely 
noticeable. To either side of the principal valley and beyond the 
narrow range of sand bluffs the surface broadens out into the wide 
plains, upon which the native grasses grow in abundance, providing 
pasture for cattle, sheep and horses, upon which they feed the 
year around and make Roosevelt a stock country par ex- 
cellence. From those pastures great numbers of, these animals are 
shipped and driven annually, both to the market and to the north- 
em States for feeding. Because of the mildness of the climate 
and the abundant growth of grasses, the region embraced within 
the limits of Roosevelt County is rightly considered a part of 
nature's stock breeding ground. It is crossed from the northeast 
to the southwest by the Pecos Valley & Northeastern Railway, a 
part of the Santa Fe system, operating seventy miles in the county. 
At this time 2,000 quarter-sections are occupied by actual settlers, 
who are mostly engaged in farming without irrigation as a means 
of earning a livelihood. There is throughout the Inland Valley 
an inexhaustible ilow at a depth of from 100 to 500 feet. This 
makes a convenient supply of good waiter that has been pronounced 
by experts to be more cheaply available for irrigation on small 
farms than could be otherwise obtained. The water can be raised 
to the surface by means of pumping engines at a comparatively low 
cost. This also makes possible intense cultivation'. 

The western range of townships lies in such proximity to the 
Pecos River Valley that a considerable body of land in that vicinity 
has been temporarily reserved under the provisions of the national 
irrigation law pending a survey to determine the feasibility of 
building an irrigation system. From a view of the situation it 
seems evident that nature especially intended that section for a 
natural reservoir into which the flood waters of the Pecos can be 
led at a minimum cost, and from this storage reservoir by a sys- 
tem of canals and ditches a large tract of level, fertile land can 





SCENES NEAR PORTALES. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 295 

be brought imder irrigation and cultivation'. In a range of sand- 
hills extending from the northwest to the southwest, the Forestry 
Service of the federal government is making experiments in re- 
forestration with apparent success. This land has been withdrawn 
from entry on that account. 

There is every indication that horticulture will become a profit- 
able industry. Such fruit bearing trees as have reached a bearing 
age at the older farms have produced fruit of an unsurpassed 
quality. The elevation retards too early blooming in the spring, 
while the sunshine and soil conduce to the highest development of 
flavor, form and color. Almost every homesteader has planted an 
orchard, while" many thousands of forest, ornamental and shade 
trees have been set out. These are making satisfactory growth, 
and when the soil is properly prepared before setting and after- 
wards kept in a good state of cultivation, the growth of these is 
very rapid. 

The climatic cond-i'tions are favorable, and the elevation is suffi- 
ciently great to make epidemics of enteric diseases and malaria out 
of the question. 

Portales. 

The building of the Pecos Valley & Northeastern Eailway ex- 
tension connecting Koswell with Amarillo, during the fall of 1898, 
marked the beginning of the building of the town of Portales. 
While the railroad was being constructed there was a tent city 
on the townsite Avhich, for the most part, vanished after the tracks 
were laid and the depot built. Little was done in the line of set- 
tlement and the permanent building of the town imtil the fall of 
the year 1900. The altitude is 4,004: feet above sea level. It is 
ninety miles from Eoswell, 116 miles from Amarillo, and eighteen 
miles from the ISTew Mexico-Texas boundary. It lies in a valley in 
which rise the headwaters of the Yellow Horse branch of the 
Brazos Eiver. The general contour of the surrounding country is 
level prairie, and throughout the entire vicinity water may be 
had from springs that flow out at several points along the draw 
and from a depth of 100 feet or more. The growth of the town 
has been steady and has not exceeded tlie settlement and develop- 
ment of the surrounding country. Its population at present is 
1,300, while the precinct has a population of over 2,000. There 
are two banks, one national and the other territorial. The town 
has two weekly newspapers. The Portales Times and the Portalte 
Herald; a fine concrete court house, built in the public square; 





^:::si£^K^jsm^ 



ROOSEVELT COUNTY SCENES 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 297 

three churches, good pnljlic schools, a branch creamery, a mill 
for the manufacture of artificial stone, a telephone exchange, a 
cold storage plant and modern business houses. Farming and 
stock raising are the industries that contribute mostly to the town's 
prosperity. Pure water, free from alkali, is obtained on the town- 
site from wells at a depth of eighteen feet. 

Elida 

is situated near the southwestern boundary. It is twenty-five miles 
from the county seat and is a station on the Pecos Valley & North- 
eastern Eailway. The land in its neighborhood is rolling prairie 
and covered with a luxuriant growth of mesquite and gramma 
grass. A townsite has been laid out. It covers eighty acres. A 
square is dedicated to the public. A public well, pumping plant 
and reservoir and a block for a postoffice building are inchided 
in this jjublic square. Elida has a postoffice, a general merchan- 
dise store, a hardware srore, a large lumber yard, a grain and feed 
store, a restaurant, a weekly newspaper. The Elida News; a black- 
smith shop and a carpenter sho]). In the town and immediate 
vicinity there is a population of 600 people. Beyond the present 
settlement and m every direction there are fine lands subject to 
entry under the homestead act. There are indications of coal in 
this vicinity. 

Texico 

is at the point where the Pecos Valley & ISTortheastern Eailway 
crosses the New Mexico-Texas boundary line and is the junction 
of the railroad named with the Eastern Eailway of New Mexico, 
now under construction. The townsite was surveyed and platted 
in August, 1902; it is twenty-two miles from Portales. The sur- 
rounding land is comparatively level. Its growth has been rapid. 
More than 300 c[uarter-sections of land in the immediate vicinity 
are occupied by actual settlers. The soil is a deep sandy loam, 
easy of cultivation and very productive. Surveys have been made 
out of Texico for railroad purposes eastward to Floyada and 
Quanah, Texas. There are here over a score of business houses, 
a national bank, and the population; of the town and immediate 
vicinity is almost 1,000. A school house has been built and a 
weekly newspaper. The Texico Trumpet, is published. 

Bethel, 

W'hich is nine miles from Portales, has a postoffice. A school is 
maintained here bv the Christian Church, which has erected build- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 299 

ings for the accommodation of students. The land in the vicinity 
of Bethel for several miles in every direction has been entered 
under the homestead act and is being occupied and cultivated by 
actual settlers. 

Floyd. 

Nine miles west of Bethel is t^-e settlement and postoffice of 
Floyd. Floyd has a general store and a neat school building only 
recently completed. Practically every quarter-section of land for 
several miles around has been taken up and is occupied and under 
cultivation by homestead entrym'en. 

SANDOVAL COUNTY. 

Area, 3,833 square miles; population, 12,500; assessed valua- 
tion in 1905, $810,839; county seat, Bernalillo. Postoffices: 
Algodones, Bernalillo, Bland, Cabezon, Casa Salazar, Cuba, Hagan, 
Jemez, Pena Blanca, Perea, Plaeitas, Sandoval, Senorito and 
Thornton. 

The county was created Ijy an act of the Thirty-fifth Legisla- 
tive Assemblv in 1903, Bernalillo C nmty contributing the largest 
area. Of its area, ()94:,190 acres, 239,209 unsurveyed, are subject 
to entry under the federal land laws, while a considerable portion 
of the remainder is included in so-called private land grants. 
The Eio Grande traverses the southeastern corner. The Puerco 
Eiver rises in the county. Xext to the Eio Grande and the Puerco, 
the Jemez is the principal stream. Other streams are the Tortuga, 
La Jara, San Jose, Eio de la Vaca, Salado and Guadalupe. The 
Galisteo, the Frijole, the Una de Gato and the San Pedro are the 
streams in the eastern part. The southern part of the Jemez For- 
est Eeserve is situated in the county. 

The main range of the Eocky Mountains, here called the Valles, 
Cochiti and Jemez Eanges, and the Continental Divide iDene- 
trate into the .county, some of the peaks rising to an elevation of 
almost 12,000 feet. These mountains are cut by deep gulches and 
canons. In the southeastern part is the massive and picturesque 
Sandia Eange, rising to an elevation of 10,500 feet. 

It is the fifteenth in size among the twenty-five counties of the 
Territory, covering an area almost four times as great as does the 
State ofEhode Island. It is bounded on the north by Eio Arriba 
County, on the east by Santa Fe County, on the south by Berna- 
lillo County, and on the west by San Juan, McKinley and Valencia 
Counties. The principal industries are stock raising, farming, 
fruit growing and mining. Its central location, great diversity of 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 301 

topography and fine climate, together with the fact that the Cen- 
tral Kio- Grande Yalle}^ starts in the county and extends through 
it for more than twenty miles give it prominence and attractive- 
ness. There are nearly 600,000 acres that can be brought under 
irrigation and about 1,500,000 acres are good pasture. The 
mesas or tablelands are usually long stretches of plain varying 
in width from five to twenty miles and extending from the base 
of the mountains in the direction of the valley with an inclination 
of only a few feet to the mile and ending abruptly in a range of 
bluffs or sand hills, which form a background of brown to the 
verdure of the valley. The mesas are the principal grazing dis- 
tricts. In seasons of average rainfall the grass grows well. This,, 
with the mild climate, makes Sandoval a prosperous stock growing 
section, almost 300,000 head of sheep grazing in the county. Cattle 
and goats also thrive. 

About 10,000 acres are uitcler ditch, only about 3,000 being 
under actual cultivation. The irrigation systems are primitive 
and there is abundant opportunity for profitable investment in 
irrigation works. The Indian villages of Cochiti, Santo Domingo, 
San Felipe, Sandia, Jemez, Santa Ana and Zia are in the county. 

The mountainous portion is well timbered. The greater portion 
of the proposed Pajarito National Park will be in this county, 
and within it are fotmd thousands of prehistoric cliffs, cave and 
communal buildings and the mysterious Stone Lions of Cochiti. 

Fruit, especially the Mission grape, vegetables and alfalfa do well 
in the Eio Grande bottoms. 

The principal mining camps are the coal camp of Hagan, at 
the foot of the Sandia Mountains, and the gold camp of Bland, 
in the Cochiti Eange, thirty miles west of the city of Santa Fe. 
Bland was a flourishing mining camp for a number of years, but 
at present very little work is being done in the district. The Albe- 
marle group produced $667,500 in gold and silver before clos- 
ing. It had a plant of 300 tons a day capacity. The main 
shaft is down 700 feet. The Lone Star, Washington, Crown Point, 
Laura S., Tip Top and Iron King have been producers. On the 
IroDi King, seven miles below Bland, is a 50-ton mill. Other prop- 
erties at Bland are the Posey, Black Girl. Little Casino, Allerton, 
Union, Lone Star, Mammoth, Ellen L., Hopewell, Good Hope, Iron 
Queen, Bull of the Woods, Fraction, Short Order, Iowa Ko. 3, Mon- 
ster, Corona, ISTo Name, Little Mollie, Tom Boy, Santa Fe, Hani- 
son, Famous, Old Dutch, Little Betsey, Ivanhoe, Aunt Betsey, 
Acme, Calumet, Del Fino, Morning Star, Shannon, Dewit, Strip 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 303 

No. 2, Belle, Navajo, Golden Cochiti Tunnel, Sister C, Cross Keys, 
Puzzler, Midnight, Wilson and Sheridan. 

The Nacimiento district lies in the Nacimiento Mountains, a 
northern extension of the Jeniez Mountains, and copper and coal 
are the principal minerals found there. The Nacimiento Range 
rises to an elevation of 10,045 feet. The Jura Trias Company 
has done the most extensive development work on its claims. 
Twelve miles south of this group is the San Miguel district, and 
the principal property is the San Miguel group, the main ore being 
a low grade copper. The Placitas district is on the northern slope 
of the Sandia Mountains. Copper, gold, lead and silver are the 
principal ores. The following claims have been located: Bal- 
comb, AV. J. Bryan, Nineteen Hundred, Shamrock, Bibo, Iron Cap, 
Montezuma, Yellow Jack and Valley A^iew. East of the Placitas 
district is the Sandia district, in which are cement beds carrying 
gold, while copper, silver and lead ores are found. The leading 
groups are the Gold Ring and Maceo. At Hagan the Una de Gato 
coal mines have been extensively developed and a railroad is at 
present being built to take their product to market. Adjoining 
the Hagan coal fields, the Pina Vititas ana Coyote fields are partly 
developed. Oil indications are found in these districts. In the 
western part of and along the Rio Puerco are extensive coal fields. 
Mineral and hot springs of considerable fame for their curative 
powers are found at Jemez, San Antonio and Sulphurs in the 
Yalles Range almost directly west of Santa Fe and npon the 
Tejon Grant. 

The Santa Fe Railway traverses the southeastern part for about 
forty miles, and part of the branch road of the Santa Fe Central 
from Moriarty to the coal camp of Hagan via Frost, now under 
',onstruction, is within the county limits. 

Bernalillo 

is the largest town and county seat. It has quite an interesting 
history and is one of the oldest European settlements in the Rio 
Grande Valley. It is picturesquely situated and is surrounded 
by fields and orchards which are irrigated from the Rio Grande. 
It has a modern flour mill, several substantial business houses, an 
academy for girls, good public schools and nice homes. Its cli- 
mate makes it a very agreeable place for health ' seekers. Round 
about are many prosperons agricultural settlements. The Indian 
pueblos of San Felipe and Sandia are within easy distance. The 
vineyards of the immediate vicinity are famous, the Mission grapes 
here attaining a size and flavor unexcelled. The town has a Roman 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 305 

Catholic church. Bernalillo is situated on the main line of the 
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway. The census of 1900 gave 
it a population of 766, but many more people live in its immediate 
vicinity. . • 

Thornton 

is a railroad station where there are several stores and is the ter- 
minus of the wagon road to the Cochiti mining district. Within 
a short distance are the Indian pueblos of Cochiti and Santo 
Domingo. 

Jennez 

is iU' the Avestern part. In its vicinity are the celebrated Jemez, 
Sulphur and San Antonio hot springs, the waters of which are 
especially efficacious in blood diseases, kidney complaints, rheu- 
matism, stomach troubles and other disorders. Not far away is 
the picturesque Indian pueblo of Jemez. • The excellent curative 
properties of these waters are well known throughout New Mexico, 

SAN JUAN COUNTY. 

From an agricultural and climatic standpoint, San Juan is one 
of the most favored counties in New Mexico. x\rea, 5,598 square 
miles; population, 8,500 (4,828 according to census of 1900); 
assessed valuation in 1905, $917,719. Postoffices: Aztec, Blanco, 
Bloomfield, Cedarhill. Crozier, Crystal, Farmington, Flora- 
vista, Fruitland, Hood, Jewett, Kirkland, La Boca, La Plata, 
Largo, Pendleton, Putnam 'and Shiprock. The county is bounded 
on the north by Montezuma and La Plata Counties, Colorado; on 
the west by Apache County, Arizona; on the south by McKinley 
County, and on the east by Eio Arriba and Sandoval Counties. 
It occupies the northwestern corner of the Territory. The govern- 
ment monument which marks its northwestern corner also marks 
the corner of New M:exico, Arizona, Utah and Colorado. It is 
adjacent to one of the richest mining fields in the United States, 
just over the Colorado line. It is an empire in itself. Of its area, 
1,958,400 acres are included in the Navaho Indian Eeservation; 
107,314 acres are part of the Ute Indian Eeservation; 1,481,043 
acres are still subject to entry under. the land laws, 481,280 of 
these being unsurveyed; about 260,000 acres have been appropri- 
ated and about 300,000 acres are irrigable. It is five and one-half 
times as large as the State of Ehode Island, three times as large 
as Delaware, and it contains 900 square miles more than the State 
of Connecticut. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 307 

Topographically, the coimt}', or at least the irrigable portion of 
it viewed from above, presents the appearance of a basin sur- 
rounded on all sides by mountains and high ridges, with a deep 
notch cut into one side through which the San Juan River flows. 
It is not mountainous, but it is located in the foothills, on the 
mesas and »in the valleys with gigantic mountain masses to the 
north in Colorado. Some of the hills_, however, rise to a consider- 
able altitude. Outside of the river valleys and the upper mesas, 
which are broad and level, the country consists of a series of double 
lands broken by arroyos and generally composed of fertile soil 
upon which the native grasses grow luxuriantly. The altitude 
ranges from 4,500 to 5,800 feet. The annual rainfall in the north- 
ern part amounts to fourteen inches. The water supply for irri- 
gation is abundant and is distributed by good systems of canals 
and ditches, several new systems being under construction. The 
Reclamation Service has surveyed a project to reclaim 20,000 acres 
west of the La Plata River. 

At Ship Rock, a boarding school for the Navaho Indians is 
maintained by the Indian office, and irrigation works are being 
built. At Jewett a mission school for the ISTavahos is in opera- 
tion. The irrigable areas are found on the table and bottom lands 
of the San Juan, Las Animas, La Plata and Los Pinos Rivers. 
About 100,000 acres are under ditch, of which 50,000 acres might 
be easily cultivated, but thus far only 18,000 acres are under 
actual cultivation. Alfalfa, the cereals and the best of fruits are 
the principal crops. Its apples are famous in eastern markets. 
Climate and conditions are especially favorable to dairying, poul- 
try, farming and bee culture. The live stock industry is important 
as by far the greater part of the area is public range. The greatest 
coal deposits of New Mexico are there, worked only on a small 
scale, but to be exploited extensively in the near future by the 
advent of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad standard gauge 
branch to Farmington, and now completed from Darango, Colo- 
rado, via Cedarhill and Aztec to Farmington, a distance of sixty 
miles from Durango. The Colorado & Arizona Railroad has a 
survey completed from Durango, Colorado, to Cochise County, 
Arizona, which cuts across the country from north to south and 
will tap the enormous La Plata coal deposits. The principal coal 
mines are the La Plata, one and one-half miles from Pendleton; 
the Enterprise, near Pendleton; the Morgan, south of La Boca; 
the Stevens, two and a half miles from Fruitland, with coal seams 
twelve feet thick; the Brimhall, adjoining the Stevens; the Kirk- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 309 

land, two miles west of the Stevens, and the Thomas mine, forty- 
five miles south of La Boca, and witli a vein sixty feet thick, the 
largest in the Southwest. The coal is bituminous. 

The valleys of the San Juan River and its two principal tribu- 
taries in the county, the Animas and the La Plata, are thickly 
settled by enterprising farmers who are faring well by agricul- 
ture, horticulture < and stock raising. The orchards of that section 
are many and San Juan County fruit has already attained a very 
enviable reputation. There are indications of oil in various 
sections. 

Farmington 

is the largest town, having a, population of about 1,200. It is sit- 
uated on the San Juan River, between the mouths of the Animas 
and the La Plata Rivers, and is the terminus of a branch of the 
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. It was an Indian trading post 
thirty years ago. There are large mercantite establishments, hotels, 
restaurants, a bank, a modern flouring mill run by water power, 
a distillery, an evaporator, two weekly newspapers, The Farming- 
ton Times-Hustler and The Farmington Enterprise; it is incor- 
porated, has a system of public water works and an electric light 
plant. It has a commodious brick school building. 

Aztec 

on the Animas, is the county seat. It is twenty-three years old. 
It has general stores, hotels, restaurants, a modern water power 
flour mill, three churches, a weekly paper, The Index; a $10,000 
court house and jail, a high school building, a bank and a private 
college. The population is 900. 

Largo 

is quite a settlement on the San Juan River at the mouth of the 
Canon Largo. It is the oldest in the county and is supported by 
agriculture and stock raising. 

Blanco 

is a new town on the upper San Juan River which bids fair to 
attain considerable importance in the near future as it is the head- 
quarters of an irrigation company which has the construction of 
a krge canal and the bringing of 30,000 acres of land under irri- 
gation in view, and is preparing for this work. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 311 

Fruitland. 

This is a pretty and prosperous agricultural settlement on the 
San Juan River, with several mercantile establishments, public 
school, church and a weekly newspaper. 

SAN MIGUEL COUNTY. 

Area, 4,893 square miles; population, census of 1900, 22,053; 
present population, 28,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $4,030,782; 
county seat. Las Vegas. Postofhces : Bell Eanch, Beulah, Chapelle, 
Chaperito, Chaves, Corazon, Cowles, Fulton, G^llinas Springs, 
Gonzales, Hot Springs, Las Vegas, Los Alamos, Mineral Hill, 
Onava, Pecos, Eibera, Eociada, Eomero, Eowe, Sanchez, San Jose, 
San Miguel, Sapello, Sena, Sibley, Tecolote, Trementina and Vil- 
lanueva. The county is bounded on the north by Mora and Union 
Counties, on the east by Union and Quay Counties, on the south 
by Guadalupe and Torrance, and on the west by Torrance and 
Santa Fe Counties. 

San Miguel, the "Empire County" of New Mexico, is not only 
one of the most favored sections of the Territory in point of early 
settlement and subsequent development, but it presents such diver- 
sity of resources that home seekers and investors are alike attracted 
to the region. The leading industry is stock raising, although it 
is also a producer of cereals. The small stock owners rather than 
the large concerns control the range. 'The mild winter climate, 
a fair supply of water and good shipping facilities are among its 
advantages. There are about 70,000 head of cattle and 400,000 
sheep owned. Crop raising without irrigation is feasible in the 
mountain valleys. Wherever water is available for irrigation, pro- 
lific crops of grains, vegetables and fruits are raised. The lumber 
industry is important and the northwestern part is timbered, part 
of the Pecos Forest Eeserve being in the county and several saw 
mills are located there. The Santa Fe Eailway cuts through and 
is one of the principal factors in its prosperity. The Dawson Eail- 
way traverses the eastern portion, and a new line from Dawson 
via Las Vegas to Santa Eosa has been surveyed by the El Paso & 
Southwestern. Eailway. The climate is good and a number of 
health and pleasure resorts are located near Las Vegas, the hot 
springs being especially renowned and efficacious. The location 
of the Fraternal Sanitarium for Consumptives at the springs has 
given the climate of Las Vegas fame far and wide. 

The principal rivers are the Pecos, Mora, Bear, Willow, Davis, 
Gallinas. Sapello, Tecolote, Bernal, Concha, Trementina, Canadian, 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 313 

Atarque and Tajarito. The mountains culminate in the Sangre 
de Cristo Range in the western part, several peaks attaining an 
altitude exceeding 12,500 feet. Of the area on July 1, 1905, 
there were 1,460,724 acres subject to public land entry, 39,192 
acres of this tract being unsurveyed. 

The mineral resources of San Miguel County are varied. The 
most important mining operations are carried on in the Hamil- 
ton mining district on the Pecos Forest Eeserve. The Pecos Cop- 
per ComjDany is here developing upon a large scale a deposit of 
copper, zinc, gold, and silver-lead ores. Coal is found near, as 
well as ten miles south of the mines. Many locations of copper 
prospects have been made on this reserve. Xorth of Las Vegas, 
near the Mora County line, is the Rociada district, where much 
development work has been done on the Eisirig Sun and Azure 
groups. Other properties here are the Joe and Jennie, and the 
Lone Star groups. In the Selitre district are the Selitre, Copper 
Queen, Last Chance and Santa Rita groups. In the San Miguel 
and Mineral Hill districts are the Copper King, Santa Maria and 
Mystic groups. Most ot the properties in all of these districts 
are copper bearing. 

Las Veqas 

means "The Meadows." It is a city of over 10,000 inhabitants, 
situated on both sides of the Gallinas River and is the county seat. 
It lies in a pretty and fertile valley at the western edge of a wide 
plateau or tableland, stretching many miles eastward and at the 
foot of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, occupying a com- 
manding site in a commercial as well as climatic respect. Its his- 
tory commences definitely with the year 1835, when a colony was 
established there by the Republic of Mexico. A grant of land 
comprising nearly 500,000 acres in extent was given to the com- 
munity of Las Vegas for homestead and agricultural purposes, 
and through colonization the population gradually increased and 
the town or community was permanently established. Las Vegas 
of today, which is a modern city, is composed, strictly speaking, 
of the incorporated city of Las Vegas and the town, also incorpo- 
rated, lying west of the river. While portions of the old town 
have a quaint and picturesque appearance, adobe houses, narrow, 
crooked streets, old customs, handicrafts and occupations, always 
of interest both to residents and tourists, yet it as well as the 
new town east of the river, constitute distinctive modern cities. 
The streets are wide and well graded, while cement sidewalks line 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 315 

most of them, as do growing trees. Three parks, with lawns and 
trees, add to the beauty of the place, as do handsome and well 
filled stores, elegant residences with attractive environments and 
nice lawns. The National Fraternal Sanitarium for Consumptives 
has been located at Las Vegas hot springs and will have the sump- 
tuous Montezuma Hotel as headquarters for a tent city and colony, 
which in a few years will number thousands of inhabitants. A 
tent city has been established at and adjoining St. Anthony's Sani- 
tarium. The air is pure, dry, rarefied and highly electrified, a 
certain cure for consumption if the cure be taken in time. The 
mineral waters of the hot springs nearby are a specific for liver, 
skin, rheumatic and blood disorders. 

The water supply is good and is taken from the Gallinas River, 
in the canon, about seven miles above the town. The latitude is 
about the same as that of central Tennessee, while the altitude is 
nearly 6,500 feet. This combination gives a peculiar and bene- 
ficial result. In the winter the thermometer seldom falls below 
forty degrees in the sun, while it often runs up to sixty-five de- 
grees or even more. On the other hand, in the summer the heat 
is never oppressive in the shade and no night is too warm for com- 
fortable sleep under one or two blankets. This, with the dryness 
of the air, caused by the slight precipitation of moisture; the 
resinous aroma coming from the pine-clad mountains, the large 
amount of electricity in the air, aud the ozone resulting from the 
altitude, as well as its location, land-locked by mountains and 
mesas, combine to produce an atmosphere which is a balm to the 
respiratory organs affected with disease. 

In the way of health and pleasure resorts, the town does well. 
It has a racing park and an annual fair and race meets. In a 
radius of twenty miles, in romantic mountain glens, are located 
many picturesque health resorts. Among them are Las Vegas 
Hot Springs, Harvey's Resort, Sandoval's Mineral Hill, Romero 
Ranch, Blake's, Spark's, Sapello and Rociada. There one can enjoy 
all outdoor sports, such as trout fishing, hunting, etc. The lover 
of nature has here the opportunity of viewing some of the grandest 
mountain scenery in all the Rocky Mountain region, the "Scenic 
Highway" at present being under construction across the Pecos 
Forest Reserve to Santa Fe. 

Las Vegas affords satisfactory educational advantages, having 
five public schools, one being a handsome stone structure costing 
$25,000, and the Territorial Normal School, which has an ad- 
vanced course of study. These schools employ upwards of twenty- 










'' A\Z 





THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 317 

one teachers, with an enrolhnent of 2,200 children and students. 
Among other schools are the Academy of the Immaculate Con- 
ception, conducted by the Sisters of Loretto; a Presbyterian mis- 
sion, a Methodist Training, Manual and Commercial School in 
connection with the Normal Universitj^, as well as several music 
schools. The city has a Carnegie Library. 

Las Vegas is the headquarters of the New Mexico division of 
the Santa Fe Railway system and has railroad machine shops, 
railroad offices, tie preserving works and stockyards. It has two 
national banks and one savings bank, Avith deposits of nearly a 
million dollars, building and loan associations, a trust company, 
new and commodious hotels, restaurants and boarding houses, 
commission and wholesale firms carrying large stocks of merchan- 
dise. It is a noted wool center and the annual sales of that 
staple reach into thq, millions. Here is located a large sheep dip- 
ping plant and a number of scouring mills are operated. There 
are published at Las Yegas, The Optic, an eight-page daily news- 
paper, having the Associated Press service; several weekly publi- 
cations, including the Weekly Optic, The News, La Voz del 
Pueblo, El Independiente and La Revista Catolica. There are 
fine church buildings representing the various denominations. It 
has an electric railway, electric light plants and a roller flour mill, 
as well as a manufactory of mineral and carbonated waters^ car- 
riage and wagon manufactories, saddle and harness factories; plan- 
ing mills, as well as lumber yards ; foundry, machine . shop, ice 
plant and cold storage plant. The town has two telephone ex- 
changes, connecting with Denver and central and southern' New 
Mexico points. The system is completed via Santa Fe to Albu- 
querque. A large and well equipped sanitarium, known as the St. 
Anthony's, is conducted by the Sisteis of Charity. There are also 
quarries of building stone near the city. The Territorial Insane 
Asylum, having accommodations for 200 patients, is located here. 
The headquarters of the Fourth Judicial District is located here, 
also the office of the Territorial District Attorney for San Miguel 
and Mora Counties. 

San Miguel. 

This is one of the oldest settlements in the county and is situated 
on the Pecos River, near where it is crossed by the Santa Fe Rail- 
way. It has a historic church, an academy, mercantile establish- 
ments and public schools. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 319 

Pecos. 

This is an' agricultural settlement on the Pecos Eiver, sur- 
rounded by farms and orchards. It has a fine stone church, stores 
and a public school. 

Rociada. 

Rociada is an agricultural settlement on the eastern boundary 
of the Pecos Forest Reserve. Near by are good mineral indica- 
tions, which have been partially developed. 

SANTA FE COUNTY. 

Area, 1,980 square miles; population, census of 1900, 14,658; 
present population, 18,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,796,573; 
county seat, Santa Fe; postoffiees, Cerrillos, Chimayo, Cow Springs, 
Galisteo, Glorieta, Golden, Hobart, Ildefonso, Kennedy, Lamy, 
Nambe, Pojoaque, San Pedro, Santa Cruz and Santa Fe. 
The county is bounded on the north -by Rio Arriba and Taos 
Counties, on the east by Taos, Mora and San Miguel Counties, 
on the south by Torrance, and on the west by Bernalillo and San- 
doval Counties. Of its area, 470,390 acres, 18,603 of these still 
unsurveyed, are subject to land entry. Of the Pecos Forest Re- 
serve, 188,900 acres are in the county, as is also the Nambe Indian 
Reservation of 7,680 acres, and part of the Santa Clara Reservation. 
The county is very mountainous, especially in the eastern and south- 
western parts. The principal range is the Sangre de Cristo, which, 
near Santa Fe, rises to 12,623 feet in Mount Baldy; 12,380 feet in 
Lake Peak, and 10,546 in Thompson's Peak. In the southwestern 
part are the Cerrillos, San Pedro, South and Sandia Mountains, at- 
taining an elevation exceeding 10,000 feet. In the western part are 
the foothills of the Valles, Cochiti and Jemez Ranges. It is these 
mountains that hold the vast mineral treasures that three hun- 
dred years ago brought the first prospectors and made the gold 
placers in the southern part of the county, the earliest worked of 
any in the United States by white man. They produced gold over 
200 years before the discovery of that metal in California. The 
turquoise mines south of Santa Fe were worked by the aborigines. 
The principal placers are those upon the slopes of the Ortiz Moun- 
tains and the New Placers near Golden. They are producers to- 
day. There have been year's when these placers yielded as high 
as $80,000 in dust and nuggets, and one nugget was picked up 
which was valued at $3,400. On the Ortiz Mine Grant is the Ortiz 
gold mine, and upon it was erected the first stamp mill in New 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 321 

Mexico. The Cunningham Mine, Candelaria, Brehm, Hiitehason,, 
Brown, Humboldt, and Shoshone are in the same district. In the 
New Placers district, adjoining the Old Placers, are the mining 
camps of Golden and San Pedro. At the latter, the Santa Fe Gold 
and Copper Company has developed extensively a copper mine and 
has erected a large smelter. The San Lazarus, Lincoln Lucky, 
Perry group of iron mines, Gold Standard, McKinley, Anaconda, 
Stockton, Alto, San Miguel, Gold King, Hazelton, Shamrock, Lu- 
cas. New Mexico, Good Enough, Oro Quay and Old Keliable are the 
best known lode mines, while the Monte Cristo, Baird, Morning 
Glory, Gold Dust, Red Bank and Viola are placer locations. The 
Racine Mining Company, the Gold Bullion Mining Company and 
others are doing extensive work upo'n these placers. 

In the Cerrillos District are the Tiffany and other turquoise 
mines, but it was through the discovery of sulphide ores, zinc, lead 
and silver that the district came into prominence in 1879. The 
following year two mining camps. Bonanza and Carbonateville, 
were laid out. In this district is the Mina del Tierra, the 
oldest lode mine in the West, which was worked prior to 
1860 by Indian peons under the direction of the Jesuits. It 
carries silver, lead and zinc. The ores of the district are mostly 
heavy sulphides of zinc and lead, carrying silver, gold and copper, 
and' the most important properties are the Cash Entry, Grand 
Central, Tom Pain«, Golden Eagle, M. & L., J. B. Weaver, Galena 
Chief, Beta, Little Joe, Sunnyside, Whalen group and Ingersoll. 
At Cerrillos is a 50-ton smelter. In the Santa Fe Canon is the 
Owen group of molybdenum claims and the Montezuma mine, a 
low grade gold proposition. In the canons northeast of Santa Fe 
development is being done on copper-zinc-silver prospects. On 
the Dalton Divide are the Mailuchet and other copper claims, and 
on Indian Creek, the Annie Jones mine. Several gold prospects 
have been located on the slopes of the Sangre de. Cristo Range. 
Near Nambe exist extensive mica deposits. At and aroimd Glor- 
ieta are big iron deposits which have been extensively developed 
and from which shipments have been made to the Cerrillos smelter. 
Here there are also copper and gold prospects. At and near Santa 
Fe are found the finest brick clay in New Mexico and mountains 
of lime. The county also has gypsum deposits and splendid build- 
ing stone, including marble, found near Santa Fe and the Cer- 
rillos and Lamy sandstones. The principal mineral product, how- 
ever, is coal, the coal camp being that of Madrid, just south of 
Cerrillos. Here coal was mined as early as 1869, and anthracite 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 323 

and bituminous coal have been worked within short distances of 
each other, the mine in operation until recently having been the 
Cerrillos Bituminous, which produced annually about 60,000 tons 
of coal, almost one-third of this being anthracite. Sixteen riiiles 
southeast of Madrid is the Block coal mine, which has a 600-foot 
slope and a fine seam of bituminous coal two and a half feet thick. 
Coal deposits have been developed in the immediate vicinity of 
Santa Fe, also on Galisteo Creek and in other parts of the county. 

This county does not occupy as conspicuously large an area as 
many other counties of New Mexico, but owing to the history of 
its political capital, whence it derives its name, its scenic and cli- 
'matic attractions and its diversified resources, it naturally takes 
first rank in interest among the political subdivisions of the Ter- 
ritory. Of its area, 950,000 acres are officially pronounced avail- 
able for cultivation and pasturage, while thousands of the roughest 
mountain acres are clothed with timber and ribbed with valuable 
mineral bearing veins. It is crossed from east to west by the great 
transcontinental railroad of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe system 
which operates over seventy miles of road within its borders, and 
is tapped from the north by the New Mexico division of the Den- 
ver & Rio Grande Eailroad, which extends within the county from 
Santa Clara to Santa Fe, a distance of thirty miles. The Santa Fe 
Central Eailway has its terminal at Santa Fe, giving the capital 
direct communication with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
system. The length of its main line in the county is fifty miles. 
A branch line of the Santa Fe system runs from Lamy to Santa 
Fe, a distance of eighteen miles. A short branch of the main line 
also extends to the Madrid coal fields. Wagon roads reach all the 
towns, and a telephone is in operation from Santa Fe to Cerrillos, 
while a long distance line has been built which connects Santa Fe 
with northern New Mexico, and with Albuquerque and other 
towns of southern New Mexico. 

From the summit of Mount Baldy the surface presents a mag- 
nificent panorama of mountains, mesas and valleys, with many 
streams of water running down high mountain slopes, over preci- 
pices and boulders into deep and narrow gorges and widening 
valleys, flashing in the sunlight like ribbons of silver in their hur- 
ried and heedless race to the Rio Grande on the west, and with 
lofty mountain peaks of southern and northern New Mexico swim- 
ming in the blue air of the dreamy distance. The mountain ranges 
shelter this favored locality from violent winds and render the 
■climate remarkably mild and equable considering that the altitude 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 325 

of the valleys varies from 5,500 to 7,500 feet above sea level. 
Doubtless this circumstance, together with the fertility of the soil, 
excellence of the water, plentitude of timber and the many marked 
manifestations of deposits of gold and silver bearing mineral a 
few miles south, prompted the intrepid Spanish explorers to locate 
a permanent colony and mission at Santa Fe, or the City of the 
Holy Faith of St. Francis of xA.ssisi, as early as 1603. 

The wisdom of the selection has been well demonstrated during 
the three centuries that have since melted into the past. With 
the exception of the twelve years following the bloody and tran- 
siently successful revolt of the Pueblo Indians in 1680, Santa Fe 
has ever since been recognized as one of the most important out- 
posts of civilization and commerce in. the southwestern country, 
being continuously the political, ecclesiastical and military capital 
of this region under both Spanish and Mexican rule, and though 
it has since seen the frontier line of the United States carried 
thousands of miles out into the Pacific Ocean, it still maintains 
its supremacy as the capital city of New Mexico, the county seat 
of Santa Fe County and the most delightful residence city in the 
Eocky Mountains. 

It may be added further that the county has thousands of acres 
of timber, about 470,000 acres of good grazing land, and about 
500,000 acres are arable land, 200,000 acres of which could be irri- 
gated. In the absence of exact data, the land actually under culti- 
vation by means of irrigation is conservatively estimated at 10,000 
acres, while 5,000 acres more are yearly planted to crops subject to 
chances of enough rain in the growing season to mature them. 
Wherever the valley and mesa lands have been brought under the 
magic influence of systematic irrigation, the results have uniformly 
proved very satisfactory, and naturally this stimulates enterprise 
annually to enlarge and extend existing irrigation systems and 
thus gradually increase the number of acres that can be depended 
upon to yield regular crops. In addition to the Eio Grande, never 
dry within the county and carrying a large volume of water, the 
Santa Cruz, the Nambe, the Pojoaque, the Santa Fe, the Santa - 
Clara, the Tesuque, Dalton, Macho, Indian, Holy Ghost, Manzan- 
ares, Glorieta, Apache, Eio de los Indes, Galisteo, Arroyo Hondo, 
Chiquito, Panchuello, Chupadero and Frijole, part of them being 
in the Eio Grande and part in the Pecos drainage, are the prin- 
cipal perennial streams, only a portion of whose waters are utilized 
for irrigation. Large areas can be reclaimed by pumping the 
heavy underflow in the principal valleys and by dry farming on 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 327 

the mesas and in the mountains. There is a good range, not over- 
stocked. The agricultural valleys produce delicious fruits that 
are pronounced the finest that can be raised; alfalfa, cereals and 
vegetables. Santa Fe County has the best winter and summer 
climate in the United States. Owing to the historic interest!, the 
cliff dwellings, its trout streams, the Scenic Highway, the beauty 
of the scenery, its accessibility and itte exceptionally fine and equable 
climate, Santi Fe County attracts many tourists and health seekers. 

It contains a number of prosperous towns and settlements in 
addition to the territorial capital. Cerrillos is a mining camp which 
has a good public school and has a smelter, being the center of a 
mining country and near +^e extensive coal beds owned by the 
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company at Madrid. Superior building 
stone is quarried near Cerrillos. In southern Santa Fe County is 
San Pedro, which, when the last census was taken, had 451 people. 
Here a fine copper smelter has been erected to treat the ores of 
the extensive workings of the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Company. 
Near San Pedro is Golden, a mining camp of 323 persons. Gal- 
isteo is an old agriculttural settlement in the center of a sheep and 
cattle district. Many nice ranches are in the vicinity. The pre- 
cinct is credited with 736 people. Glorieta is the starting point 
for most of the travel and traffic for the upper Pecos Kiver and 
the Pecos Forest Reserve, and near it are iron and copper ore 
deposits and coal veins and the interesting ruins of the abandoned 
Pecos pueblo. 

Northern Santa Fe County has a number of prosperous agri- 
cultural communities. These are Pojoaque, with 798 inhabitants; 
Santa Cruz, with 747; Tesuque, 348 people, the settlement being 
across tlie divide, six miles from Santa Fe; San Ildefonso, 392 
people, near which the government has completed an irrigation 
canal for the San Ildefonso Pueblo Indians. Chimayo, in the 
extreme northern part, is credited with 319 people, and Canon cito 
or Lamy, seventeen miles southeast of Santa Fe, with 323 people. 
Lamy is a railroad junction point. A quarry of building and lime- 
stone is located near the place, as well as charcoal and lime ovens, 
and large cattle, sheep and goat ranches are in the vicinity. 
Just south of it is the settlement • of Cow Springs. Extensive 
beds of plaster of Paris are found a few miles north of Lamy; 
three miles south of Santa Fe is the agricultural settlement of 
Agua Fria, and still further south Cienega and Cieneguilla, while 
at the old mining camp of Bonanza is a large stock ranch and 
chicken farm, and nearby arc Turquesa and the Tiffany turquoise 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 329 

mines. These settlements are not incorporated, yet they all 
have public schools and are the centers of fertile agricultural, 
stock or mining districts. Thexe are Indian pueblos, all very in- 
teresting for their primitive and quaint characteristics. The 
largest is Santa Clara, with 223 people; San Ildefonso, 137 In- 
dians; Kambe, 81;' Tesuque, 80, and Pojoaque, 12. Along the 
Santa Fe Central Eailway a number of stations have been located 
or townsites laid out. They are Kennedy, at the crossing of the 
Santa Fe Eailway ; Clark and Stanley near the O'Mara coal fields ; 
Donaciano, on the Arroyo Hondo, and Vega Blanca near a historic 
camping ground of the Comanches. At each of these points sta- 
tion buildings and store houses have been erected. 

Santa Fe. 

The historic seat of the government of the Territory of New 
Mexico, as well as the county seat of Santa Fe County, and the 
see of an archbishop of the Eonian Catholic church, enjoys the dis- 
tinction of being one of the oldest towns and is the oldest capital 
in the United States. Its permanent settlement by Europeans 
antedates the founding of Jamestown and also th'e landing of the 
Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth more than twenty years. The thril- 
ling and romantic incidents composing its history; the protracted 
and bloody struggles with hordes of savage Indians; the capture 
and pillage by hostile Pueblos in 1680; the general massacre of 
missionaries and explorers and flight of the governor and a few 
followers in the night to El Paso; the desecration and destruction 
of some of the Eoman Catholic churches and the restoration of 
the worship of stone idols; the reconquest by Diego de Vargas 
twelve 5^ears later; the terrible punishment visited upon the re- 
bellious Pueblos; the change from Spanish rule to the rule of the 
Eepublic of Mexico; the capture by the United States forces under 
General Kearny and the building of Fort Marcy; the stirring 
scenes accompanying the distribution of the immense traffic of the 
Santa Fe trail; the wild deeds of desperados and the fabulous 
hazards at cards in the days before the advent of the railroad, 
afford the material for an epic poem of deep interest. 

Here, so carefully preserved that the marks of its 300 years of 
age are not perceptible, is located the noted "Adobe Palace," which 
was the official residence of the S]3anish and Mexican governors, 
and since the Mexican war has been the headquarters of all the 
territorial governors or secretaries appointed by the different pres- 
idents of the United States. Here is situated the oldest house 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 331 

standing on American soil, still used as a dwelling thougli built 
400 years ago by Pueblo Indians, and near is the Saint Michael's 
Church, first built in 15-iO and still used as a place of worship. 
Here are the beautiful and imposing new capitol building, the 
massive modern Cathedral of St. Francis, the large and enduring 
stone Federal building, a modern penitentiary, St. Michael's Col- 
lege, old Fort Marcy, Guadalupe Church, Eosario Chapel, Loretto 
Convent, St. Katherine's and the United States Indian Indus- 
trial Schools, the 'New Mexico Institute for the Deaf and 
Dumb; Catholic, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist Churches; 
the large Presbyterian Mission School for Girls, a High School 
building costing $35,000, St. Vincent's Orphan School, many mon- 
uments of historic interest, a beautiful plaza and smaller parks, 
besides fine business blocks and pretty residences. Santa Fe has 
a beautiful National Cemetery where are buried over a thousand 
Union soldiers. The city has a Federal building which is the head- 
quarters of the Internal Eevenue District, consisting of New Mex- 
ico and Arizona, of one of the four Federal Land Offices of the 
Territory ; of the United States Surveyor General for New Mexico ; 
the supervisor of the Pecos Forest Eeserve, and other federal offi- 
cials. The office of the District Attorney for Santa Fe and Taos 
Counties is here, and the city is the headcjuartiers of the First 
Judicial District and the Territorial Supreme Court. Here, also, 
side by side, are object lessons whereby the civilization of the 
Seventleenth and Eighteenth centuries can be studied in contrast 
with that of the present day as nowhere else in America. 

Environed by protecting hills and thus exempt from strong 
winds and sand storms; surrounded by enchanting natural scen- 
ery; beautified by orchards and gardens of flowers; blessed with 
a climate that is free from extremes of heat and cold, and air 
that is pure and tonic; supplied with an abundance of pure water 
for domestic, manufacturing and irrigation purposes from the ex- 
tensive storage reservoirs m rne mouth of the Santa Fe Canon; 
furnished with competing rail, express and telegraph communi- 
cation with all outside points ; the headquarters of the federal and 
Territorial officials, the meeting place of the Legislature, the Su- 
preme Court, the United States and Territorial District Courts, 
and the various Territorial Boards ; the see of the Archbishop of 
Santa Fe ; the headquarters of the New Mexico Historical Society ; 
a city having started a modern sewerage system ; possessing a pub- 
lic school system with a good high school and four ward schools, 
and endowed by the national government for public school pur- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 333 

poses with the Fort Marcy Eeservation of almost seventeen acres 
in the heart of the city, Santa Fe is naturally forging to the front 
as a popular residence town. It has besides the Cathedral, three 
Eoman Catholic Churches, a Protestant Episcopal Church, and 
English and Spanish Presbyterian and Methodist Churches. An 
observation station and the office of the director of the New Mex- 
ico section of the U. S. Weather Bureau is located here. The two 
reservoirs of the Santa Fe Water and Light Company, located above 
the city on the Eio Santa Fe, cost $300,000, and consist of a large 
reservoir or artificial lake secured by means of a semi-circular 
dam across the canon 600 feet long, 350 feet wide, securely tied to 
bed-rock, and 120 feet high, with mains and service pipes extend- 
ing to every part of the city; and a smaller reservoir on Talaya 
Hill, which, with a new ditch line from the canon, supplies the 
power required to operate the city's electric light plant, which is 
supplemented by steam. There is here the oldest bank in New 
Mexico, and another bank is about to be established. The business 
houses command a large trade area, and it is a gateway through 
which passes a big share of the wool and other products of Eio 
Arriba, Taos and Santa Fe Counties, as well as of southern Colo- 
rado, bound for the south and for the east. • 

The Woman's Board of Trade is a unique and characteristic in- 
stitution. The public plaza aiid library are entirely under its di- 
rection. There are good hotel accommodations, besides a sani- 
tarium conducted by the good Sisters of Charity, and the Sun- 
mount tent city, which offers comfortable homes to health seekers 
and tourists. In the immediate vicinity is found some of the finest 
scenery in the West, including peaks with perpetual snow, sylvan 
lakes, forests, water falls and trout streams, to most of which the 
now famous Scenic Highway, starting at the city, is the key. 
Santa Fe is also the most convenient point from which to reach 
the very interesting Indian pueblos, a dozen hot and mineral 
springs, the cliff dwellings and the agricultural valleys and mining 
camps of Eio Arriba and Taos Counties. 

Draw a circle of fifty miles' radius with Santa Fe as the center ; 
it will take in the heart of New Mexico. Within it will be found 
a score of producing mining districts. Not only gold, but copper, 
silver, lead, zinc, iron, coal, turquoise, quarries of marble, build- 
ing stone, limestone, beds of clay, deposits of gypsum and veins of 
mica. In that circle are found some of the best agricultural lands 
in the Southwest. Here are raised some of the best fruits, the best 
sugar beets, the best grains in the world, and it includes the Es- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 335 

panola, the Tesuqiie, the Chama, the Taos and other valleys. With- 
in that circle there is room and chance for profitable irrigation 
enterprises. In that circle flow the waters of the Rio Grande, the 
Nambe, the Rio Pueblo, the Truchas, the Pojoaqne, the Pecos, the 
Santa Clara, the Santa Cruz, the Chama and other streams, all 
perennial rivers with a never failing water supply in their upper 
courses. In that circle are found the water power, the fuel, the 
raw material for a hundred great industries. The circle is the 
most densely populated area in ISTeTv ^lexico or Arizona and offers 
cheap and plentiful labor for industrial enterprises and at the 
same time a good market. In that circle are superior sheep, cattle 
and goat ranges and forests. Kew Mexico has the finest climate 
in the world, and in that circle is the best climate in New Mexico. 
Within it are the great Pecos River and Jemez Forest Reserves, 
which insure a supply of water, summer retreats for tourists, 
health seekers, pleasure seekers, sportsmen and to the tired person 
who seeks quiet and rest in communion with nature in its most 
sublime and gentlest moods. Here are located the Scenic High- 
way, the famous cliff dwellings, the pyramids of America, ten 
Indian pueblos, the oldest buildings in the United States, a hun- 
dred spots which awaken memories of the romance of the great 
stretch of time between the coming of the Conquistadores and the 
supplanting of the Santa Fe trail by railroads. 

It is a circle invaded by three railroads and their important 
branches and connections, a circle near whose circumference are 
located the cities of Albuquerque and Las Vegas, which, with Santa 
Fe, form the three- largest and most important towns in the future 
"Sunshine State." In the center of the circle lies the city, whose 
name is one to conjure with, a name given to one of the great 
transcontinental railway systems, a town whose very name is an 
invitation to the health seeker, to the tourist, the capital of the 
coming Sunshine State, a county seat, an archbishop's see, the lo- 
cation of many Federal, Territorial, Catholic and Protestant 
church institutions, a town most charmingly situated, with a peer- 
less climate all the year around, and' a better summer climate than 
is possessed by any summer resort in the world and free from 
excessive heat and protected from the icy blasts of winter with 
the sun shining almost every day in the year. These and many 
more are the advantages, resources and attractions, the hub of 
which is the City of Santa Fe. The city and suburbs contain about 
8,500 people, and this population is steadily on the increase. The 
city now enjoys telephone ::mmunications with I^as Vegas, Raton 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 337 

and other Xew Mexico towns to the north, with Colorado towns 
to Denver, and with Albuquerque and intermediate towns to the 
south. 

SIERRA COUNTY. 

Area, 3,081 square miles; populatio'n, census of 1900, 3,168; 
present population, 5,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,397,865; 
county seat, Hillsboro; postoffices, Andrews, Arrey, Chloride, En- 
gle, Fairview, Hermosa, Hillsboro, Kingston, Lake Valley, Las 
Palomas, Monticello, Phillipsburg and Shandon. The county is 
bounded on the north by Socorro County, on the east by Socorro 
and Dona Ana Counties, on the south by Dona Ana and Luna, and 
on the west by Grant and Socorro Counties. Ten of the townships 
in the western part are included in the Gila Forest Eeserve. Of 
its area, 1,675,628 acres were subject to land entry on July 1, 1905, 
of which 374,379 acres were unsurveyed. Sierra County is one of 
the smallest of New Mexico's counties, only six having a less area, 
yet it is three times the area of the State of Rhode Island, and 
more than one and a half times the area of the State of Delaware. 
The census of 1900 gives the value of farms and live stock as 
$1,829,000. Sierra County is rough and broken. The principal 
mountain ranges are the Black, Mimbres, Fra Cristoval and Ca- 
ballos Ranges. The water supply is scant, the precipitation rang- 
ing from four to six inches during the summer, while the total 
per annum is probably in the neighborhood of ten inches. Irriga- 
tion is generally confined to the valleys of the few streams flowing 
eastward toward the Rio Grande. None of these, however, dis- 
' charge water into the river, excepting during seasons of excessive 
sinowfall or heavy summer rains. The principal streams are the 
Cuchillo Negro, Rio Palomas, Las Animas, Arroyo Seco, Percha, 
Apache, Bt.<"ydo and Bear Creek. Although the water supply is 
small, it is constant and probably on this account a higher duty 
of water is reached in this district than in any other portioh of 
the Territory. Although there are about 5,000 acres under culti- 
vation, with increased irrigation facilities fully 50,000 more acres 
could be cultivated. In this county will be the Elephant Buttes 
dam aind reservoir, to be built by the United States Reclamation 
Service. Dairy products are in demand and bring high prices. 
Anything that will grow in southern Kansas and Oklahoma will 
grow here. Crops are certain, for, by irrigation, the farmer es- 
capes the possible occurence of floods and drouth. Fruit does 
exceedingly well in the river valleys, and there are a number of 
fine bearino; orchards. Natural reservoir sites are numerous. At 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 339 

comparatively small expense these advantages can be utilized for 
the storage of ilood. waters. The county has a fine range. It is 
one of the best stock counties in the Territory. There is a good 
underground water supply that can be developed by wells. Sheep 
men and goat raisers are beginning to realize that on account of 
the mild winters and the good range, the county is a fine sheep 
and goat raising country. It takes the lead in the Angora 
goat industry. In fact, its fame in that direction is becoming 
national. Some of the highest grade prize Angora ewes and bucks 
are to be found on ite famous goat ranches, and the names of its 
leading goat raisers are known in every one of the important goat 
markets in the United States. The industry is very profitable. The 
Santa Fe Eailway traverses the county from north to south. At 
Palomas Hot Springs are springs of remarkable medicinal virtue. 
The county is a treasure house of precious metals. It has produced 
millions of dollars' worth of gold, silver and lead, and today 
is one of the principal mineral producers of the Territory, 
especially of gold and silver, although lead, zinc and copper 
will in. the future figure in its mineral production. Hillsboro is 
the oldest camp, gold having been discovered there in 1877. 
Both placer and lode, mining are prosecuted, and the district 
has a production of $7,000,000, mostly gold, to its credit. The 
properties located there are the Opportunity, Eeady Pay, Battle 
Snake, Golden Era, Empire, Garfield, Butler, Kichmond, Eldorado, 
Bonanza, Morning Star, Snake, Moccasin, Wicks, Prosper, Cincin- 
nati, Mascot, Lupey, Summit, American, Virginia, Sherman, Eu- 
bicon, Whaleback, Pereha, Eureka, Bobtail, Bull of the Woods, 
Catherine, Liliput, and Prince Henry. From the Wicks' Gulch 
placers one company took $90,000 in gold in one winter. Copper 
and lead ores are also found near Hillsboro, and the largest body 
of vanadium ore in the world is the S. J. Macy lode, while among 
the rare minerals of the district is endlichite, found in a contact 
fissure 4,000 feet long. Seven miles north of Hillsboro is the 
camp of Andrews with the Golden Eule, Chance, Emperor, Little 
Nell, Ninety-Seven and Ninety-Eight groups. The Pittsburg dis- 
trict in the foothills of the Sierra Caballos, east of the Eio Grande, 
is a new placer district. Two companies are operating on the 
placers there, and the Marion, Eosa Lee and Napoleon lode claims 
have been located. The Iron Eeef district lies in the vicinity of 
Palomas Hot Springs and" the two main properties are the Iron 
Eeef and Meridian, both lead-silver propositions and also carry- 
insr some sold. One of the richest bodies of silver ore ever discov- 




LOG CABIN MINE, SIERRA COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 341 

ered was found at Lake Valley in the Bridal Chamber hx a l^lack- 
smith. It yielded 2,500,000 ounces of silver, while near-by 
workings produced as much more. Besides the properties of the 
Lake Valley Mines Company, the best known locations are the 
Stone CabiiD, Miles Standish, Teddy and Centennial State groups. 
South of Lake Valley is the Macho district, in which lead and 
silver are the principal ore bodies. The Dude, Hudson and Jim 
Crow are the properties in this district. The Ticrra Blanca dis- 
trict is fifteen miles northwest of Lake Valley on the eastern slope 
of the Mimbres Eauge. High grade sulphides and chlorides of 
silver are characteristic of the district. Occasionally pockets of 
gold with very high values are encountered. The Log Cabin, Look- 
cut, Tierra Blanca, Midnight and Bell are the principal groups. 
Kingston is a silver camp in the Black Eange, although also a pro- 
ducer of gold. The Iron King, Empire, Eclipse, Brush Heap, 
Black Eyed Susan, Lady Franklin, Gra}' Horse, Illinois, Saratoga, 
Templar, Virginius, Calamity Jane, Superior, Monaska, Keystone, 
Andy Johnsoin, Old Savage, Comet, Black Colt, Bonanza and 
Teddy groups have produced over $6,000,000 worth of silver. The 
Hermosa district lies twenty-five miles north of Kingston and has 
produced $1,250,000 in silver. Ores carrsdng considerable lead 
and copper values are also found. The principal properties are 
the Palomas Chief, which has a production of $150,000 of silver 
to its credit; the Pelican, Philadelphia, Antelope, Emberlight, 
Atlantic Cable, American Flag, Flagstaff amd Ocean Wave. In 
the Apache District jSTo. 1, situated partly in Sierra and partly in 
Socorro Counties and twelve miles north of Hermosa, is the min- 
ing camp of Chloride, and in the same district northeast of Chlo- 
ride are Fairview and Grafton. Silver, copper and gold are the 
ores of this district. The Silver Monument has produced $100,000 
worth of silver; the Colossal, $70,000. Other properties are the 
U. S. Treasury, St. Cloud, Nana, Midnight, Eeadjuster, ISTordhati- 
sen, New Era, Ivanhoe, Ashville, Emporia, Braxton, Great Ee- 
public, Kingston, Triangle, .Julia, Chicago, Minnehaha, Crawford, 
Olympia, Sunrise, Gold Bug, Camden, Copper Queen, Bullion, 
Alaska, Montezuma, Golden Chance, Golden Eevenue and Ele- 
phant. The Cuchillo Negro district is also in the northwestern 
part, but in the Cuchillo Mountains, in which Edward's camp was 
situated. The better known locations are the Black Knife, Ger- 
man, Eifleshot, Dictator, Vindicator, Confidence, Enterprise and 
the Iron Mountain group, the last being a big iroiu deposit, while 
the others carry copper, lead, silver and zinc. Sixteen miles west 





SCENES NEAR HILLSBORO. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 343 

of Engie a lead-zinc camp lias lately sprung into existence, at 
wliieh forty or more men are given employment; its name is Palo- 
mas, and the Southwestern Lead and Coal Company has a con- 
centrator and smelter there. Near Engle and in McCiay Canon 
are also coal indications. In the Apache Canon of the Caballo 
Mountains, opening into the Eio Grande, gold bearing placers 
have been worked successfully of late years, and the mining camp 
of Shandon has been established. Two companies are conducting 
hydraulic operations on a large scale, while in the near-by moun- 
tains lode mines are being developed. 

Hillsboro. 

is the largest settlement and is the county seat, the court house 
being a handsome brick and stone-trimmed structure. The town 
is reached by stage from Lake Valley, which is the terminus of 
the Lake Valley branch of the Santa Fe Railway System and 
an important shipping point, after two hours' ride, the distance 
being less than sixteen miles. It has a bank, a weekly news- 
paper. The Sierra County Advocate ; good stores and is surroumded 
by gold and silver mines and placers reached by good roads. The 
surface ores to a depth varying from 50 to 150 feet are much 
oxidized and constitute free milling ore. There are four mills in 
and around Hillsboro. East of the lode mines is an extensive area, 
comprising several thousand acres and known as the placers. With 
crude dry washers some $500,000 in gold have been taken from 
these placers. In the valley between Hillsboro and the mines are 
warm springs having medicinal and curative properties. 

Lake Valley. ' 

Lake Valley is reached by a branch line from Nutt Station on 
the main line of the Santa Fe Railway and is an important ship- 
ping point. The stage line for Hillsboro and other settlements 
starts here. In the vicinity are a number of famous silver mines. 
At Las Palomas and Monticello are agricultural settlements, while 
the other towns are mainly mining camps. 
SOCORRO COUNTY. 

Socorro County is the largest of New Mexico counties, covering 
an area of 15,065 square miles, being as large as a European king- 
dom. The postoffices are Alma, Bernardo, Burley, Clear Creek, 
Clyde, Cooney, Datil, Estey, Frisco, Joseph, Kelly, La Joya, 
Lemitar, Luna, Magdalena, Mogollon, Paraje, Pinoville, Polvadera, 
Puertocito, Quemado, Reserve Rosedale, Sabinal, Salt Lake, San 
Acacia, San Antonio, San Marcial, Socorro. The resources 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 345 

are numerous, corre;jponding to its area in variety and extent. It is 
tirst of all a stoek grazing country, the number of sheep on its 
ranges reaching a million, and the number of cattle exceeding 
100,000. Agriculture and horticulture in the Rio Grande Valley 
and along some of the minor streams are very successful. In the 
southwestern part, especially in the Gila Forest Eeserve, there are 
large areas in timber. The Rio Grande traverses the county, 
the Puerco being its principal tributary. The Gila and the San 
Francisco Rivers are important water courses in the western por- 
tion. Other streams are the Salado^ San Lorenzo, Alamillo, Chu- 
padero, Xogal, Parida, Water Canon, Datil, Alamo, Big Pigeon, 
Whitewater, Mangos, Largo, Apache, Bonita, Gilita, Diamond, Sil- 
ver, Pueblo and Beaver. The principal mountain ranges are the 
Sierra Oscura, San Andreas, Magdalena, San Mateo, Datil, San 
Francisco, Tularosa, Mogollon, Pinion, Elk, Black, Diablo and 
Ladron, some of them attaining an elevation of almost 10,000 feet. 
Im many parts of the county are evidences of volcanic action, such 
as lava fields, craters and hot springs. Alkali flats and salt lakes 
are found in the western portion, where there are also prehistoric 
clift' and communal buildings. On July 1, 1905, there were in the 
county 7,974,753 acres subject to federal land entry, of which 
2,055,310 acres are still unsurveyed. The southwestern corner is 
taken up by the Gila Forest Reserve. Two new reserves, the San 
Mateo, covering 400,000 acres, and the Magdalena of 186,000 
acres, recentl}' have Ijeen declared liy presidential proclamation. 
The county is bounded on the north by Valencia Count}'', on the 
east by Torrance, Lincoln and Otero Counties, on the south by 
Otero, Dona Ana, Sierra and Grant Counties, and on the v/est by 
Apache and Graham Counties, Arizona. 

Socorro County leads all other counties in mineral production 
and has more mining districts than any other county, two of 
which, the IMagdalena and Cooney Districts, are world famous. In 
the first named, two mines, the Graphic and the Kelly ha^ e to date 
produced $6,000,000 worth of silver and lead ore and are now pro- 
ducing a large amount of zinc. Other mines in the district are 
the Juanita, Juanita South, Ambrosia, Young America, Enter- 
prise, Hardscrabble, which has to its credit a productioai of $350,- 
000; Cavern, Fifty-Eight, Tip Top, Grey Hound, Samson, Review, 
Ourar, Umpagre, Legal Tender, Silver Peg, Silent Friend, Grand 
Ledge, Cimarron, Xit, Imperial, Pearl, the Key grou]), upon whicli 
only recently a large body of cerussite was uncovered ; Oxide. Wheel 
of Fortune. Golden Key and Iron ]\Iask. Between the camps of 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 347 

Magdalena acd Kelly is the Graphic smelter, and on the Iron Mask 
is a smelter which has never blown in. These districts have pro- 
duced $9,000,000 in lead, silver and zinc, the production of the 
latter during the last fiscal year having exceeded $1,000,000. The 
Cooney and Mogollon districts in the southwestern part of the 
county on t'he Gila Forest Eeserve have yielded several million 
dollars in gold, silver and copper. The Cooney mine alone has 
producetl $1,000,000; the Confidence and Black Bird equal that of 
the Cooney production; the Maud S. has produced $750,000; the 
Last Chance, $250,000; the Little Fannie, $1,250,000; the Deep 
Down, $75,000, and the entire district, $5,000,000. Besides the 
properties mentioned there are the following groups and lodes: 
Florida, Independence, Little Johnnie, Malachite, Little Charlie, 
Eberle, Kat and Kitten, Contention, Grey Hawk, Copper Queen 
and Leap Year. Southeast of Cooney is the Wilcox district, the 
principal locations being the Zacaton, Silver Prize, I. S., Western 
Star, Uncle John aod Butterfi}'', the ore carrying gold and silver, 
except the Zacaton group, which is a copper proposition. In the 
Tellurium district, adjoining the Wilcox district on the north, are 
the Tellurium ISTos. 1 and 2, and the Pine Hill. The Socorro 
Mountain district has produced $760,000, mostly in silver and lead. 
The chief production was by the Torrance and Merritt mines. 
Other properties are the Hammel and Volcanic Mountain. The Eose- 
dale District is a gold producer in the San Mateo Mountains. Thus 
far the Eosedale- has been the only producer, other properties bf^in -; 
the New Golden Bell, White Cap, Bay Horse, Ninety-One, May 
Dew, Baking Powder, New Year, New Year No. 1, Eockefellor. 
Golden Gate, Gold Cap, iVmy B., Greenwood and Graham. West 
of the Eosedale district is the Eed Hill district, which has gold 
and copper prospects. The Water Canon district lies on the north- 
east slope of the Magdalena Mountains and the principal proper- 
ties are Timber Peak, Buckeye, Iron King, Little Baldy, Jennie 
Lee amd Wall Street, the ores being gold, silver, copper, lead and 
zinc. In the Abbey mining district, eighteen miles northwest of 
Magdalena, copper and lead ore' and a fine coking coal are found. 
In the Cat Mountain district, twelve miles southwest of Magda- 
lena, the principal mines are the Abbey and Legal Tender, the 
values being a refactory low grade gold ore. In the Iron Moun- 
tain district, ten miles northwest of the Magdalena district, large 
deposits of iron are found, as well as lead and silver. The main 
locations are the Summit, Old Boss, Mammoth and Cabinet. The 
abandoned mining camp of Council Eock is in this district. The 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 349 

Pueblo district lies immediately north of the mining camp o'f Mag- 
dalena and has produced silver ore, the principal prospects being 
the Eed Jacket,. Chloride, Sophia and Ace of Spades. The Lemi- 
tar district is north of Socorro Mountain and carries lead, zinc 
and silver with indications of copper. The San Lorenzo district 
is located eight miles west of San Acacia. Gold, copper, silver and 
manganese are the values and the leading locations are the Jerome, 
Camp Bird and Sacramento. The Hanson district is in the La- 
drone Mountains and gold, silver and lead prospects have been lo- 
cated in it. The Canoneito district is five miles north of San 
Acacia, but on the east side of the Eio Grande. Gold, silver, lead, 
iron, copper and manganese occur in this district. The only de- 
velopment work thus far has been on the Dewey group. Im' the 
Chupadero Mountain district, copper indications have been noted. 
The Jones district is in the northern end of the Sierra Oscura, the 
principal property being the Jones iron group. Besides the ex- 
tensive deposits of iron, there are indications of gold, silver, cop- 
per, lead and zinc. The Hansonburg district is on the western 
slope of the Sierra Oscura and is copper bearing, the principal lo- 
cation being the Alcazar group. The Estey City district lies in the 
southeastern corner of the county and Estey City is a copper camp. 
The district produced $10,000 in copper and the principal locations 
are those of the Dividend Mining and Milling Company, the Sierra 
Oscura Company and the Little Effie, Just Before and Lucky Jack. 
In the San Andreas district, which comprises several sub-districts 
in the San Andreas Mountains, are the Little Burro, Chicago, 
Mocking Bird, Boulder, Whirlwind, Coyote, Eattler, Bean, Grand 
View, Sixteen to One and Gold Eeserve. The ores are lead, silver 
and zinc. Mica deposits have been located in this district. Gold, 
silver, copper and iron are the ores of the Mound Spring district 
in the eastern part of the county. In Socorro County was located 
the first coal mine in the Territory, this being the Government 
mine in the Carthage district, which was opened in 1863. In this 
district are also the Hilton, Bernal and Emerson coal mines. Ex- 
tensive areas of coal land are found in the western part, as well as 
alum beds, gypsum and salt deposits. 

Socorro, 

the county seat, is also the largest town. The census of 1900 gave 
it 1,515 inhabitants. Elevation, 4,567 feet. The country 'round 
about is rich in mineral and agricultural resources. The waters 
of the Eio Grande, which flow near the city, are ample to irrigate 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 351 

a large area, the waters of the Puerco and the Salado augmenting 
its volume considerabl}' twenty or thirty miles north. The Car- 
thage coal fields are so near to Socorro that they may be called 
tributary to the city, and the mining camps of Kelly, Magdalena 
and Water Canon are also tributary, making it a favorable smelter 
site. A large area of fertile land in the immediate vicinity of 
Socorro will be reclaimed by a colony of industrious Bohemians. 
The town has large brick yards, flouring mills and a brewery, 
is beautifully situated on a tableland at the foot of Socorro Moun- 
tain and is a favorite health resort. The Eio Grande is about two 
miles from it. The city owns and controls its own water works, 
the supply being derived from warm springs of exceptionally pure 
water flowing from the base of Socorro Mountain. The 'town has 
two banking institutions, two weekly papers, The Socorro Chief- 
tain and El Defensor del Pueblo, two substantial school buildings, 
churches and good business houses, amd is the headquarters of the 
District Attorney for Socorro County. The ISTew Mexico School of 
Mines is located here. Its present population is estimated at 2,300. 
A company has just been organized to furnish the city with electric 
light and power, the waters of the Socorro Hot Springs, near the 
city, to be used for generating power. The machinery for this plant 
has been ordered and construction work will begin shortly. So- 
corro is an important freight and passenger station on the Atchi- 
son, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway. A branch line of this road, 
thirty miles long, runs from here to the Magdalena mining camp. 
This branch does a heavy business in freight of merchandise, ma- 
chinery, lumber and ores, and during the seasoini each year heavy 
shipments of sheep and cattle are made from the fine range country 
which it penetrates. Socorro enjoys a trade territory of great ex- 
tent, reaching one hundred miles or more to the west and fifty to 
sixty miles south and east. The system of the Colorado Telephone 
Company is being extended from Albuquerque south and will reach 
the town in about three months. 

San Marcial 

the second largest town, is attractive for the reason that twenty- 
five years ago the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway Company 
planted great avenues of cottonwood trees, and these have been 
constantly added to by citizens. It is important commercially be- 
eause it is the supply point for a large area of country. Four 
mercantile firms draw trade from a wide territory occupied by peo- 
ple engaged in the cattle and sheep business and the settlements of 







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COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 353 

Clyde, Eoscdale, Parajc, Engle and Chloride. Its population is 
almost 1,000. The town has a nice park. It is a division head- 
quarters of the Santa Fe Railway Company and here are located a 
roundhouse aind large repair shops. A modern flouring mill is 
conducted for the convenience of a large number of farmers in 
the rich Kio Grande Valley. Fruitful orchards surround it and it 
is a rich agricultural, horticultural, live stock and mining region. 
Alfalfa is extensively grown, and when there is an ample supply 
of water, which is taken from the Eio Urande through ditches, 
four crops in one season are of common occurrence. This finds a 
ready market, the price per ton ranging from $10 to $14. There 
is a good public school building and several churches; also a bank. 
Located near the center of the Territory at an elevation of a little 
over 4,000 feet, the climate makes it a sanitarium for consump- 
tives. San Marcial is not devoid of historical interest. One of 
the features of the town is a large and extensive promontory known 
as the Mesa. Here occurred the battle of Valyerde, fought Feb- 
ruary 20, 1862, by General Sibley's Texans and the Union forces 
under General Canby. The severest part of the battle occurred 
about the present site of San Marcial. Frequently cannon balls 
and other relics are plowed up on the east side of the river. 

Carthage 

is a coal camp and is to be connected by railroad with San An- 
tonio, a commercial center on the Santa Fe Railway. At San 
Acacia a weekly newspaper, El Comercio, is published, and here 
has been established a religious community called New Jerusalem, 
which publishes a ])aper. Xear the settlement are copper ore 
deposits. 

TAOS COUNTY. 

Area, 2,283 square miles; population, 13,000; census of 1900 
population, 10.889; assessed valuation in 1905, $720,G61 ; county 
seat, Taos. Postoffices: Arroyo Hondo, Arroyo Seco, Cerro, Cos- 
tilla, Llano, Lobo, Ojo Caliente, Penasco, Pina, Questa, Ranches 
de Taos, Red River, Talpa, Taos, Trampas, Tres Piedras, Twining 
and Valdez. The county is Iwunded on the north by Conejos and 
Costilla Counties, Colorado ; on the east by Colfax and Mora Coun- 
ties, on the south by Mora amd Rio Arriba Counties, and on the 
west by Rio Arriba County. Part of the Pecos Forest Reserve 
is within its boundaries. 

The county is the most picturesque and in many respects one of 
the richest in mineral resources in New Mexico. It is also one 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 355 

of the oldest in point of settlement by white men and one of the 
best watered. At one time it included Colorado south of the Ar- 
kansas Eiver, Colfax and Mora and part of Rio Arriba Counties, 
but at present it is small in extent. Yet its area is twice that of 
the State of Rhode Island and 323 square miles more than the 
State of Delaware. Of this almost one-half or 619,791 acres were 
open to entry under the federal land laws on July 1, 1905, and 
286,041 acres are still unsurveyed. About 120.000 acres are re- 
served and 730,000 acres are appropriated, about 600,000 acres 
being included in private land grants. The county is one of the 
most densely populated, but could support five times its present 
population. The Rio Grande traverses it from north to south 
through rocky gorges, hence the cultivated lands are along its trib- 
utaries. The county is characterized by the great number of small 
perennial streams which, rising in high ranges on the east, de- 
bouch at about one-third the general width of the district upon 
the high mesas- forming the central and western thirds and flow 
into the Rio Grande. Besides the Rio Grande the principal rivers 
are the Pueblo, Santa Barbara^ Rio Grande del Ranchos, Rio Taos, 
Arroyo Seco, Las Trampas, Petaca, Latir, Cabresto, Costilla, Colo- 
rado, Rio Hondo, Lucero and Fernandez. Most of these are trout 
streams. The Taos Range, comprising the catchment area from 
which these streams derive their waters, ranges in altitude from 
7,000 to 13,000 feet above sea level, with slopes tree-clad and with 
precipitation greater than in many sections of the Territory. Taos 
Peak has an altitude of 13,145 feet; Jicarilla Peak, 12,944 feet; 
Costilla Peak, 12,634 feet; United States Mountain, 10,734 feet; 
Costilla Pass, 10,188 feet; Ute Peak, 10,151 feet, and Taos Pass, 
9,353 feet. On the northern boundary is the Sierra Blanca, 14,126 
feet high, the loftiest peak in New Mexico. 

Only one-half of the available water is used, and with the build- 
ing of storage reservoirs the area under cultivation would be 200,- 
000 acres instead of 20,000 acres. The cereals yield prolifically 
and vegetables and fruit grow well. About 200,000 sheep, 10,000 
goats and 5,000 cattle graze on the ranges. At Ojo Caliente are 
famous medicinal hot springs. At Wamsley and near Taos are 
also hot springs which attract many health seekers. The railroad 
facilities are meagre. The Denver & Rio Grande has not quite fifty 
miles of narrow gauge tracks in the extreme western part, near 
the Rio Arriba boundary line, but Tres Piedras is the only settle- 
ment of any consequence it touches, although there is also a sta- 
tion at Embudo, which is several miles from the town of that name. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 357 

The scenery along this railroad, especially from Embudo to Bar- 
ranca, is among the grandest in the Southwest. From Emlmdo, 
Tres Piedras and Servilleta stations to Taos there are roads with 
daily stage lines, while the mining camps of Eed River and Ami- 
zett and the settlements of Cerro and Questa also have road con- 
nections, as have to a lesser extent all the postoffices. Portions of 
the county are heavily timbered. On account of the difficulty in 
bringing the merchantable timber from the steep mountain sides 
to the railroad, saw mills are in operation in various parts, the 
principal being near Questa and Twining. 

Taos County is rich in minerals, but at present has no produc- 
ing mines, mainly owing to the lack of railroad facilities. The 
best known camp is that of Eed Eiver, near the Colfax County 
border. It is a gold camp and the principal properties are the 
Copper King, Golden Treasure, Jayhawk, Independence, Angola, 
Black Diamond, Peerless, Homcstake, Copper Dome, Anaconda, 
Standard, Laura B., Minnie L., Last Chance, Fort Eeno, Dead- 
head, Yankee Maid, J. 0. G., Deadwood, Eagged Pants Dick, 
Golden Treasure, Paxton, Copper Hill, Hornet, Eock of Ages, Sure 
Thing, Exile, Bueno, Commodore and Wild Eose. The Black Cop- 
per district is north of Eed Eiver and its leading group is the 
Black Copper, a gold proposition. The Midnight district lies in 
the northeastern part and the Cashier group is the leading prop- 
erty. The La Belle District lies near the Colorado border and its 
best known property is the Aztec. On the western slope of the 
Taos Eange is the Twining district. Placer gold and copper, gold 
and silver lodes are the features of the district in which the prin- 
cipal development has been done on the Eraser, which has a 100- 
totn smelter, the Bull of the Woods, South Fork, King Solomon, 
Berry Extension and Copper King. The Glenwoody district is 
on the Eio Grande and has placers as well as immense low grade 
quartz deposits carrying gold. The Glenwoody is the main prop- 
erty and has a 50-ton mill operated by water power from the Eio 
Grande. West of Glenwoody is the Copper Mountain district, 
where the principal operations have been carried on by the Copper 
Hill Mining Company and the Green Mountain Copper Company, 
the other groups worthy of mention being the Ural and the Wil- 
son. Near Ojo Caliente are mica deposits and considerable pros- 
pecting has been done in the same vicinity. 
Fernandez de Taos 

is the coimtv seat and is romantically situated* in a beautiful val- 
lev surrounded bv mountains wliicli rise al)ruptly from tlie plain. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 359 

It is a very interestiug town, quaintly built around a large plaza. 
The Koman Catliolic church is of great antiquity. Before the ad- 
vent of railroads in Xew Mexico it was a commercial center of great 
importance, and even today enjoys a good trade. Among the early 
American residents were Colonel Kit Carson, Governor William 
Bent, who was assassinated during the Pueblo insurrection on Feb- 
ruary 17, 1847 ; Colonel Cera St. Vrain, Judge Beaubien, Lucien 
Stewart and others. Here the first printing press west of the Mis- 
souri Eiver was set up in 1837 by Eev. Antonio J. Martinez, and 
the first newspaper. El Crepusculo, was published. x\ good public 
school, mission schools and a Loretto academy are the educational 
facilities of this town. It has a population of 1,500. A weekly 
newspaper, the Revista de Taos, is published.. Only three miles 
to the northwest, under the shadows of the great mountains and 
occupying both sides of a clear, bright river, is the pueblo of Taos, 
a most interesting Indian settlement. Scores of tourists come to 
visit it annually, especially on its annual feast day, San Geronimo, 
September 30th. The Jicarilla Apache Indians, the Navahos, as 
well as the Pueblos from the south, send delegates to this festival, 
and the settlers from scores of miles around gather at the pueblo 
on that day. The population of the pueblo has decreased in num- 
bers during the past few decades, and is now but a few over 400. 
The Indians cling tenaciously to their primitive customs. Ranchos 
de Taos is four miles south of Fernandez de Taos and is the largest 
settlement. It has two flouring mills and is surrounded by or- 
chards. It is the center of 60,000 acres of fertile land, of which 
one-sixth is under cultivation. It has a public school and is the 
headquarters of the Presbyterian missions of this section. The 
population is 1,800. 

Red River 

is a romantically situated mining camp with about 300 population, 
a good public school and a weekly newspaper. The Red River 
Prospector. 

Tres Pieiras 

is a railroad, mining and lumber town on the Denver & Rio Grande 
Railroad and a distributing point for the Bromide and Hopewell 
mining districts in Rio Arriba County, and the terminus of a 
daily stage line from Taos. A newspaper. The Mining Reporter, 
is published here. 





SCENES AT ANTELOPE SPRINGS, TORRANCE COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 361 

Embudo 

is a prosperous agricultural settlement on the Rio Grande, situated 
at the foot of high mountains. It has a railroad station several 
miles south of it from where a daily stage line for Taos, Twiaiing 
and other points starts. There is a public school and a mission 
school at Velarde^ four miles south of this place. 

Questa and Cerro 

are prosperous agricultural settlements. Costilla, Pima, Agua del 
Lobo, Arroyo Seco, Llano, Trampas and Penasco are agricultural 
settlements surrounded by fertile lands under cultivation. Picuris 
is a quaint Indian pue1)lo with a population of 100 and has. several 
historic Iniildinu;?;. 

TORRANCE COUNTY. 

This county, which came into existence on January 1, 1905, is 
almost in the geographical center of the Territory and covers 3.330 
square miles. Its population is estimated to be 7,500. It is 
bounded on the north by Santa Fe and San Miguel Counties, on 
the east by Guadalupe and Lincoln Counties, on the south by Lin- 
coln and Socorro Counties, and on the west by Valencia and Berna- 
lillo Counties. Of its area, 2,118,162 acres were subject to land 
entry on July 1, 1905, of which 679,780 acres were unsurveyed. 
The" land ofhee.for its southern part is at Eoswell, and for its 
northern part at Santa Fe. The county has no rivers, but large 
springs and substrata of water which, in the Estancial plains 
rise to within a few feet of the surface. It also has many lakes, 
most of them alkaline, but two of them are salt. The Manzanos 
are its principal mountain range, rising to an altitude exceeding 
10,000 feet and well timbered. Other mountains are the Gallinas. 
Animas, Pedernal and Cameleon Hills, the mpst prominent peaks 
being Manzano Peak, 10,086 feet; Mosca Peak, 9,723 feet; Peder- 
nal Peak, 7,580 feet; Bosque, Capillo and Eattlesnake Peaks, Cer- 
rito del Lobo and Cerro del Pino. The Santa Fe Central Railway 
cuts through the center of the county from north to south, and the 
El Paso & Xortheastern cuts the southeastern corner, forming 
a junction with the Santa Fe C\-ntral at Torrance. The Eastern 
Railwav of New ]\Iexico is being built in the county from Abo Pass 
to a junction with the El Paso eS: Xortheastern aad crossing the 
Santa Fe Central at Willard. From :\Ioriarty on the Santa Fe 
Central, the Albuquerque Eastern is under construction to Albu- 
querque and a coal ))ranch from Frost to Hagan. The assessment 
of the countv for 1905 is $319,981. Its postoffices are Duran, East- 




ESTANCIA SPRINGS. 




COTTAGE HOTEL AND STORE AT TORRANCE. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 363 

view, Encirio, Estancia, Gran Quivira, Manzano, Moriarty, Moun- 
tainair, Palma, Puntia, Pinos Wells, Tajique, Torrance and Wil- 
lard. Stock raising is the principal industry, there being about a 
quarter million of sheep grazing on its ranges, as well as about 
10,000 head of cattle. . Agriculture is also receiving considerable 
attention of late and settlers are taking up the fine lands of the 
Estancia Valley, in which dry farming will prove successful and 
in which plenty of water for irrigation can be obtained by pump- 
ing from low depths, while the mesas and hills bounding it afford 
excellent range in winter and summer. In the Manzano Mountains 
are several agricultural settlements, and at Manzano is an apple 
orchard one hundred years old. Considerable salt is taken from 
the Salt Lake near Estancia, which, besides supplying the home de- 
mand, also supplies, the ranchmen for a hundred and more miles 
distant. In the Manzanos some mining has been done, and in the 
Gallinas promising mineral indications have been discovered. Lum- 
bering is an important industry in the Manzano Mountains. The 
county seat and principal settlement is 

Estancia, 

a new town with about 1,000 inhabitants, good public school, 
churches and business houses. The shops of the Santa Fe Central 
Eailway are located here. A townsite with a public park has been 
laid out. A weekly newspaper, The Estancia Kews, is published. 
The town is noted for its fine springs of exceptionally pure water. 
It is the center of the magnificent Estancia Valley, which is rapidly 
filling with settlers. Farms are being laid out on every side and 
windmills dot the landscape in every direction. All the cereals 
and vegetables of the temperate zone can be raised, and there is 
every promise that horticulture will prove successful. West of 
Estancia are the famous salt lakes and a plant is to be built at 
Estancia for refining the salt. During the shipping season of last 
year, 100,000 sheep and 1,500,000 pounds of wool were shipped 
from this point. 

Moriarty. 

This settlement is at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and 
the Albuquerque Eastern, and many homestead entries have been 
made 'roimd about, as it is on the northern crest of the Estancia 
Valley and beautifully located. It promises to become an im- 
portant coal shipping and commercial point. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 365 



Willard. 



This settlement is at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and 
the Eastern Eailway of Xew Mexico. It has a large store and a 
townsite has been laid out. It is in the southern part of the Es- 
tancia plains and near the alkali lakes, which dot the western part 
of the valley. Ample supplies of the finest water have been encoun- 
tered at a depth of from twenty to forty feet, both for domestic 
and irrigation purposes. There is every indication that the settle- 
ment will some day be an important railroad town with a large 
population. To the south twemty miles are the mysterious ruins 
of the Indian pueblos of Gran Quivera and Quanah. 

Torrance 

is at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and the El Paso & 
Xortheastern Railways and has a uniooi depot, business houses and 
is a trade center of some importance. 

Manzano, Punta de Agua, Pinos Wells, Eastview and Tajique 
are old settlements, while Mountainair is a new town near Abo 
Pass on the Eastern Eailway of New Mexico, now under construc- 
tion by the Santa Fe system. 

Mcintosh, 

eight miles north of Estaneia, on the Santa Fe Central Eailway, 
promises to be the center of an important agricultural settlement. 
During the last three months of 1905 over fifty homesteads have 
been made within a radius of a few miles of the station. 
UNION COUNTY. 

Area, 6,037 square miles; population, census of 1900, 4,528. 
Since then the county has given 255 square miles to the formation 
of Quay County. Its present population is 6,500. Assessed valua- 
tion in 1905, $1,714,627. Postoflfices : Albert, Barney, Beenham, 
Bryantine, Bueyeros, Clapham, Clayton, Cuates, Folsom, De Haven, 
Gallegos, Garcia, Geneva, Gladstone, Leon, Logan, ISTaravisa, Pas- 
amonte, Valley and Veda. 

The county is bounded on the north by Las Animas County, 
Colorado; on the east by Beaver County, Oklahoma; Dallam, Hart- 
ley and Oldham Counties, Texas; on the south by Quay a.nd San 
Miguel Counties, and on the west by Colfax, Mora and San Miguel 
Counties. The Canadian Eiver is the principal stream. Other 
streams are Ute Creek, Tramperos, Tucumcari, Los Cerros, Flag, 
Carriso, Major Long. Leon, Palo Blanco, Hoi Keo, Currumpaw, 
Travesier and the Dry Cimarron. The principal mountains are 
the Sierra Grande, in which Mount Capulin, an extinct volcano*. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHDSTE. 367 

rises to an elevation exceeding 9,000 feet; tlie Don Carlos Hills, 
Eabbit Ear Mountain, and man}' isolated hills and blnffs. 

Union, the northeastern county of Xew Mexico, was formed in 
1893 out of portions of Colfax, Mora and San Miguel Counties. 
It is more than five times as large as Rhode Island, three times 
as large as Delaware, and as large as the Hawaiian Islands. Of 
its area, only 727,771 acres have been appropriated, while 3,135,8 l-'i 
acres, with 322,743 acres unsurveyed, are still subject to entr;- 
under the United States land laws. At Clayton is the United 
States land office for the district. 

Stock raising is the principal industry and the source of its 
wealth. The mild winters, the free range and the abundant grasses 
make stock raising very profitable. Of the 60,000 cattle on the 
range, many of good grade Hereford and a number of model 
stock farms are to be found. The number of sheep exceeds 600,- 
000, it leading in the sheep industry. At Clayton, the county seat, 
3,000,000 poimds of wool are sold annually, while buyers of lambs 
for feeding and breeding purposes make frequent visits to Clayton 
and Folsom. Yearly over 100,000 lambs are shipped to Colorado, 
Nebraska and Kansas, where they are fed for juarket. Of late 
years cattle and sheep growers have been raising alfalfa on a 
small scale for feeding purposes. Altogether about 2,000 acres 
have been put under cultivation. The sheep growers will undoubt- 
edly soon follow this example. The cattle men are rapidly im- 
proving their stock by importing registered cattle from the States. 
The raising of goats is a growing industry, as well as the breeding 
of horses for market, both proving profitable. Railroads afford 
good facilities for the shipment of stock. 

Whenever water is available for irrigation purposes, crops of 
grain, vegetables and fruits can be raised with unvarying annual 
success. There are a number of orchards in which every variety of 
fruit of the temperate zone is grown. Wild fruits and nuts grow 
in 'abundance along the streams and on the mountain slopes. If 
the flood waters, which run down the river beds in the rainy sea- 
sons, were stored fully 100,000 acres could be brought imder culti- 
vation. Many natural reservoir sites exist. Ten miles west of 
Folsom commences the Johnson Mesa, 8,000 feet high, extending 
into Colfax County almost to Raton, on which, without irrigation, 
fine potatoes are raised, also large crops of oats. Under the Camp- 
bell system of soil -culture farming will eventiually reclaim many 
acres in this county. 

Mining is in its infancv, but there are undoubted indications of 








SCENES AT CLAYTON, UNION COUNTY. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 369 

gold, silver, copper and lead ores in various precincts. Coal de- 
posits exist in the northern part, tlie veins heing an extension, of 
the Trinidad fields in Colorado. A good grade of hituminons coal 
is found near Clayton, and development/ work is heing done in a 
desultory way. Coal veins also underlie Johnso^u's Mesa. 

Indications of oil can be pointed out along many streams, and 
often in drilling for water oil sands and rock are encountered. 
Fine mineral springs are at Folsom, and there is hut little doubt 
that artesian water will he found at a moderatie depth. On Ute 
Creek are deposits of pure alum, while excellent lime quarries 
are worked near Folsom. 

The Colorado c^' Southern Kailway traverses the northeastern 
part of the county for a distance of eighty-four miles. The Chicago, 
Kock Island & Pacific passes through its southerii part. A survey 
of the St. Louis, Eocky Mountain & Pacific Eailway has been made 
from Folsom, on the Colorado & Southern in this county, to Eliza- 
bethtown, Colfax County, via Eaton. Actual construction work and 
grading on the western division of the road from Eaton to Eliza- 
bethtown is in progress. 

The climate is very good ; the altitude ranging from 4,000 to 
8,000 feet gives the air a lightness that is especially beneficial in 
])ulmonary troubles. The nights are always cool and the summer 
heati is moderated by the altitude as well as the cool breezes from 
the mountains, while the cold in winter is tempered by the con- 
stant sunshine and protection which the mountains afford from 
high winds. The county seat is 

Clayton, 

situated in the northeastern' part on tihe Colorado & Southern Eail- 
way. Here the federal land office for the northeastern part of 
Xew Mexico is situated. The town has a population of 800. It 
has electric lights and water works, a telephone systiem, a very 
good public school system and a fine public school building, Meth- 
odist, Baptist and Christian Churches, many business establish- 
ments, a $20,000 court house and contains nice homes. From here 
3,000,000 pounds of wool, l(;o car loads of cattle and 700 car loads 
of sheep and lambs are shipped anijually. Two weekly newspapers, 
one in English, The Clayton I^nterprise, and the other in Spanish, 
El Fenix, are published here. There is a national bank. Of late 
vears the toAvn has attracted many health seekers. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 371. 



Folsom 



is the second largest town, having a population of 750. It is situ- 
ated on the Colorado & Southern Railway and is gaining fame as 
a health resort. It is 6^-iOO feet above sea level and is located in 
a beautiful valley. The Sierra Grande, twenty miles distant, rises 
to an altitude of 11,500 feet. During the summer months this 
mountain is one mass of flowers and is a magnificent sight. Sierra 
Capulin, five miles from the town, is 9,500 feet high and is an ex- 
tinct volcano with a perfect crater. The view from Capulin is 
grand. Nine miles from Folsom, on the Colorado & Southern 
Railway, are tihe so-called American Alps. Emery's Peak and Buf- 
falo Head are also visible. Twin Mountains, Robinson's Peak, 
Dale's Peak and Red Mountain can be seen on clear days, and 
330 days of each year are clear at Folsom. The Cimarron Falls, 
near the Hotel Capulin, a sanitarium built at a cost of $75,000, 
but not completed, are fine. Numerous springs bubble forth from 
the sides of the mountains inclosing the valley of the Cimarron, 
in which Folsom is situated. The waiters of some of the springs 
are almost pure, while others are charged with mineral and are 
a cure for gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, stomach troubles and cer- 
tain forms of kidney diseases. Several sulphur springs and sul- 
phur wells near Folsom are beneficial to persons suffering from 
skin diseases and impure blood. The most celebrated spring is 
in Oak Canon, near the town, the waters of which are superior 
to those of the famous springs at* Manitou, Colorado. These waters 
contain sulphur, magnesia and carbonic acid gas. Folsom is an 
important trade center. Immense sheep dipping tanks have been 
erected here by the Colorado & Southern Railway and the shipments 
of wool, sheep, lambs and cattle from this point annually are very 
large. It has an $8,000 public school house. Water is found 
everywhere in tlhe Cimarron Valley at a depth of from fourteen 
to thirty feet and is free from alkali. Indications of gold, silver, 
copper and lead ores and coal are found near the town. Lime 
quarries are located near a.nd the product is being utilized in the 
manufacture of plaster. 

VALENCIA COUNTY. 

Area, 5,712 square miles; population, census of 1900, 13,895; 
present population, 15,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,315,- 
074; county seat, Los Lunas. PostofEices: Belen. Bibo, Blue- 
water, Casa Blanca, Copperton, Cubero, Grant, Kettner, Jarales, 
San Mateo, San Rafael, Seama, Seboyeta and Tome. It is the 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 373 

eighth largest of '^ew Mexico's counties, covering an area more 
than five times tihat of the State of Ehode Island, and greater than 
that of the State of Connecticut. Of this great stretch, 1,029,489 
acres are still unappropriated, 33,528 acres being unsurveyed. The 
land office for the district is at Santa Fe. ■ The countiy is l)ounded ■ 
on the north Ijy McKinley, Sandoval and Bernalillo Counties, on 
the east by Torrance County, on the south by Socorro County, and 
on the west by Apache County, Arizona, (^uite a large portion is 
included in private Spanish and Mexican grante. 

The principal stream is the Kio Grande, traversing the county 
from north to south. There is a large area of irrigated land on 
both sides of the river along its entire course. The Puerco, whicii 
at times has a flood discharge of about 32,000 second feet, is a 
tributary of the Rio Grande and flows through the county. Along 
the Puerco Eiver and its tributaries, something like l-t.OOO acres 
are under irrigation. The character of the county through which 
the Puerco passes is hilly and l)roken. Other rivers are the Zuni, 
San Jose, Los Xutrias, Pescado, Colorado, Ponil, Bluewater and 
Alamosa. Many fine springs are found. The alti'tlude ranges fron? 
4,000 to 7,000 feet and the annual precipitation is very light, 
averaging only seven inches on the plains, but doulile or more in 
the mountains. For that reason there are Init few perennial 
streams in the whole drainage area. Xaturally, almost every va- 
riety of topography is found. The Continental divide crosses the 
county from north to south. East of the Eio Grande, the Manzanos, 
over 10,000 feet in height, is the principal mountain range, form- 
ing a watershed between the Eio Grande drainage basin and the dry 
mesas of the eastern part. In the western par'H, the Zuni Moun- 
tains and the San Mateo Eange are the principal mountain sys- 
tems. In the latter. Mount Taylor attains an elevation of 11,389 
feet, the highest point in the county. A lava bed extends entirely 
across the county east of the Continental Divide. A small part of 
the Zuni Ir.dian Eeserve is k\ t^he county. 

The Santa Fe Pacific Eailroad grant covers every odd section 
from the Eio Grande to the Arizona line, forty miles north and 
south of the line of that road. 

The county is rich in minerals. l)ut thus far comparatively 
little has been done to make tlie mineral wealth availal)le. Gold, 
silver, copper and iron ores, sulphur, litliographic stone, gypsum. 
brick clav, salt, pumice stone, ochre, building stone, cement, pot- 
ash and, most important of all. coal in almost limitless quantities, 
are found. Gold, silver and copper ore>^ exist in the Zuni Moun- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 375 

tains, and in the Copperton. District considerable development 
"work has been done. In the western part are extensive coal fields 
and several salt lakes. 

The Santa Fe Eailway cuts through the central portion from 
north to south, entering south of Isleta and leaving north of Sa- 
binal, a distance of twenty-five miles. The Santa Fe Pacific Eail- 
way commences at Isleta and leaves Valencia County northwest of 
Bluewater, a distance of eight miles. The Eastern Eailway of New 
Mexico is being constructed from Belen via Abo Pass to Texico. 
The county has about 300 miles of telegraph lines and a telephone 
line which extends from Albuquerque to Belen via Los Lunas, 
The Colorado Telephone Company is now constructing its lines 
from Albuquerque to Socorro and these will pass through the county 
for twenty-five miles. 

The lands under irrigation are very fertile and the climate is 
good for the raising of grain, vegetables and fruit. Wheat from 
Valencia County captured first premium at the World's Fair at 
Chicago, and again a gold medal at the Charleston. Exposition, 
the wheat weighing fifty and one-half pounds per bushel. Oats 
grown on a farm six miles from Los Lunas took second prize at 
the Columbian Exposition. The principal crops are wheat, barley^ 
oats, corn, alfalfa and all vegetables and fruits of the south tem- 
perate zone. Some of the finest orchards in the Southwest are 
located here. Grapes are grown in large quantities, tihe Mission 
grape predominating, but other varieties, such as the Tokay, Sul- 
tana, Concord and Muscat do very well. Alfalfa is a staple crop. 
In some of the valleys in the Zuni Mountains and in several other 
hill districts, crops are grown without irrigation, the rainfall be- 
ing sufficient to mature them. The mild winters, cool summers, 
good water, nutritious grasses and sheltered valleys and canons 
have attracted the cattle raiser and the sheep grower. It is one 
of the leading sheep raising sections in Kew Mexico; it is esti- 
mated that there are within its limits 400,000 or more sheep and 
thousands of cattle and horses. Lately, some attention has been 
given to the raising of goats, and the success is such that the 
number of these animals will be very much on the increase during 
the next few years. At Belen is one of the largest flour mills in 
the Territorv. At Laguna and Peralta there are also fine modern 
flour mills. There are extensive timber lands, which of late have 
attracted the attention of the lumbermen and capitalists. The so- 
called Mitchell tract in the northwestern part covers 300,000 acres, 
on which, it is estimated, there are 2,000,000,000 feet of good. 





VIEWS IN BELEN. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 377 

white pine lumber. The Aiuerican Lumber Company, a syndicate, 
capitalized at $8,000,000, is cutting this timber. A logging road 
luis been l)nilt from Tlioreau, on the Santa Fe Pacific, to the tract. 

Belen 

is situated forty miles south of Alhucpu'rque on the Avt'st l)auk of the 
Rio tirande. It luis an altitude of 4,'^0O feet. Its population is 
1,200. The stretch of country, in the center of which tlie town is 
located, cannot', be excelled for fertility and productiveness. 

Belen stands above all other communities in ISTcw Mexico in that 
it has the largest merchandise establishment, the largest flour mill, 
is the largest railroad shipping point in ])ro|)ortion to population, 
and raises the best grapes. The town has several large mercantile 
establishments. The First National bank attends to the banking 
Inisiness of the place. The Catholics, as well as the Protestants, 
liave each a comfortable and commodious church edifice. In front 
of the Catholic church stands one of the most artistic architec- 
tural luonuments in the Southwest — the Felipe Chaves Mausoleum, 
l)ui]t at a cost of $15,000. The school facilities of Belen ai'e good, 
there being three schools — the Felipe Chaves Girls academy, the 
Becker school and the public school. The Territory recently es- 
fahlished an orphans' home here. The railroad facilities consist 
of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway, connecting the cit\ 
with the extreme northern and southern portions of the Territory 
and the country that lies between. The Eastern Railway of Xew 
Mexico, under construction, will give direct connection with the 
Santa Fe Central Railway, the El Paso & Northeastern, and the 
Pecos Valley lines. This road, after reaching Belen, will be ex- 
tended to Puerco Station, a distance of thirty-five iniles, to a con- 
nection with the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad, thus completing a 
direct east and west line through central Xew ^Mexico frcun Texico, 
Roosevelt County, through that county, Guadalupe, Torrance, Va- 
lencia and ]\IcKinley to the western boundary of the Territory via 
Willard, Abo Pass and Belen, where the Rio Grande will be crossed 
on a magnificent steel lu'idge. 

Los Lui^.as 

is tlie county seat and is situated on the west bank of the Rio 
Grande, twenty-four miles south of Albuquerque. The population 
is 1,000. It has a large Catholic church. There is a substantial 
bridge across the Rio Grande opposite the town. There are two 
large general stores here. It is a prosperous shipping point, es- 
pecially for wool and alfalfa. A rich agricultural and stock region 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 379 

surroimds it. The town is connected by telephone with Albu- 
querque. Southeast of Los Lunas, on the east bank of the Rio 
Grande, is Tome, at one time the capital of New Mexico for a few 
years. 

San Rafael 

is a populous settlement, having 1,500 inhabitants. It is the cen- 
ter of a rich agricultural and stock section and is located three 
miles from the Santa Fe Pacific Railway in the San Jose RiveT 
Valley. Forty years ago it was known as old Fort Wingate. The 
lands around it are irrigated by the waters of El Gallo Spring, 
the largest in New Mexico, filling a ditch of clear water six feet 
wide at the bottom and forty feet wide at the top. Along this 
ditch there are rich agricultural lands covering 4,000 acres, which 
produce all kinds of grain, vegetables and fruit. 

Peralta 

was the scene of a battle in the Civil war. It is situated in the 
Valley of the Rio Grande, opposite Los Lunas, and has 800 inhabi- 
tants. It is connected by long distance telephone with Albuquerque, 
twenty miles north. The town has a fine flour mill and five gen- 
eral rnerchandise stores. There is one Romac Catholic church and 
one Methodist church building. 

Kettner. 

This is a lumbering camp on the Bluewater, in the northwestern 
part of the county, fourteen miles south of the Santa Fe Pacific 
Railway and the terminus of a lumbering railway. It is the head- 
quarters of the lumbering operations of the American Lumber 
Company, has saw mills, a postoffice, store and about 500 in- 
habitants. 

Seboyeta. 

This is a historic agricultural settlement in the northeastern 
part of the county, the scene of sanguinary encounters with the 
Navahos. It is fifteen miles northeast of Laguna on the Santa Fe 
Pacific Railway and has a public school, church and business 
rvlaees. It is the principal settlement on the large Ceboletta Land 
Grant and is beautifully situated, with the San Mateo Mountains 
to the west and the Ceboletta Mountains to the north, while a 
branch of the Rio Puerco furnishes water for the fertile farms. 
Near by aro the well known Agua Blanca Springs. 



PART VI. 



STATISTICS. 



The immense resources and possibilities and what, has been ac- 
complished in New Mexico by the comparatively few people and 
with the employment of limited capital, are demonstrated by the 
following fignres, which have been carefully compiled from official 
statistics : 



Area. 



Total area, 132,469 square miles. By counties: Socorro, 15,065; 
Chaves, 9,599; Grant, 7,403; Otero, 6,870; Eddy, 6,506; Union, 
6,037; Rio Arriba, 5,932; Valencia, 5,712; San Juan, 5,598; Mc- 
Kinlev, 5,377; San Miguel, 4,893; Lincoln, 4,659; Guadalupe, 
3,952; Colfax, 3,897; Sandoval, 3,833 ; Dona Ana, 3,818 ; Tor- 
rance, 3,330; Eoosevelt, 3,110; Sierra, 3,081; Luna, 2,946; Quay, 
2,805; Mora, 2,542; Taos, 2,283; Santa Fe, 1,980; Bernalillo, 
1,240. 

United States Forest Reserves: Gihi, 4.000,000 acres; Jemez, 
900,000; Lincoln, 500,000; Pecos, 431,040; San Mateo, 460,000; 
Magdalena, 186,000. 

Indian' Reservations: Xavaho, 2,345,492 acres; Mescalero Apa- 
che, 449,280; Jicarilla Apache, 404,788; Zuni Pueblo, 238,036; 
Southern Ute, 107,314; Santa Clara, 33,000; San Felipe, 13,817; 
Xambe, 7,680 ; Jicarilla Indian School, 40. 

Pueblo Indian Grants: Zuni, 215,040 acres; Laguna, 125,225; 
Isleta, 110,080; Acoma, 95,792; Santo Domingo, 74,743; San Fe- 
lipe, 34,767; Cochiti, 24,276; Sandia, 24,187; Pecos, 18,763; San 
Juan, 17,545; Zia, 17,515 ; Jemez, 17,510; Tesuque, 17,471; Pic- 
uris, 17,461; Santa Clara, 17,369; Taos, 17,361; Santa Ana, 17,- 
361; San Udcfonso, 17,293; Xambe, 13,586; Pojoaque. 13,520. 

Military Reservations : Fort Wingate, 83,200 ; Fort Union, 66,- 
880; Fort Stanton, 28,221; Fort Bayard, 8,840; Fort Sumner 
Post Cemeterv, 320 acres. 



Ponulation. 



On Julv 1, 1905, estimated, 300,000. Census of 1900, 193,310; 
1890, 153,593; 1880, 119,565; 1870, 91,874; 1860, including Ari- 
zona, 87,034; 1850, including Arizona and southern Colorado, 61,- 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 383 

547. Of the pretent population, 158,000 came from other States 
and Territories or are descendants of such ; 125,000 are of Spanish 
or Mexican descent; 1,600 negroes; 100 Chinese; 300 Japanese 
and 13,000 are Indians. Of the 100,000 wage earners, 40,000 are 
engaged in agricultural pursuits; 20,000 in domestic service; 10,- 
000 in manufacturing; 8,000 in mining; 7,000 in railroading; 10,- 
000 in trade and 5,000 in professional service and in political po- 
sitions. Males of voting age number 80,000; females of the same 
age, 75,000; children of school age, 70,000; children under the age 
of 5 years, 55,000; Indians, 15,000; residents not citizens, 5,000. 
Population by counties: San Miguel, 28,000; Bernalillo, 27,000; 
Colfax, 19,000; Rio Arriba, 17,500; Santa Fe, 16,500; Socorro, 
15,500; Valencia, 15,000; Dona Ana, 14,500; Grant, 14,000; Mora, 
13,500; Taos, 13,000; Sandoval, 12,500; Chaves, 12,000; Guada- 
lupe, 9,500; Otero, 9,000; Lincoln, 8,500; Eddy, 8,000; McKinley, 
7,500: Eoosevelt, 7,500; Union, 7,000; San Juan, 6,500; Torrance, 
6,000 ; Quay, 6,000 ; Sierra, 5,000 ; Luna, 4,000. 

Farms and Farm Products. 

Number of farms in 1890, 4,458; in 1900, 11,834; in 1905, 15,- 
000. Acres in farms in 1890, 787,882; in 1900, 5,130,878 ; in 1905, 
6,200,000. Value of farms in 1890, $33,543,141 ; in 1900, $53,- 
737,824; in 1905, $62,500,000. Value of farm lands in 1890, $8,- 
140,800; in 1900, $20,888,824; in 1905, $30,000,000. Value of 
farm implements in 1890, $291,140; in 1900, $1,151,610; in 1905, 
$1,500,000. Value of live stock in 1890, $25,111,201; in 1900, 
$31,727,400; in 1905, $44,000-,000. Value, of farm products in 
1890, $2,000,000; in 1900, $10,000,000; in 1905, $18,000,000. 
Acres in alfalfa in 1890, 12,139; in 1900, 55,467; in 1905, 63,000. 
Acres under cultivation in 1890, 91,745; in 1900, 203,893; in 
1905, 340,000. Butter, in 1890, 105,000 pounds; in 1900, 381,- 
000; in 1905, 500,000. Eggs, in 1890, 280,000 dozen; in 1900, 840,- 
000. dozen; in 1905, 1,000,000 dozen. Hay, in 1900, $1,427,317; 
in 1905, $2,250,000. Cereals, in 1900, $979.903 ; in 195, $1,500,- 
000. Vegetables, in 1900, $278,413: in 1905, $350,000. Fruit, 
in 1900, $197,331 : in 1905, $500,000. Other products, in 1900, 
$374,573: in 1905, $500,000. Acres under irrigation in 1905, 
350,000. 

Climate. 

Mean temperature in 1904, 53.7 degrees; the mean for July, the 
warmest month, 72.4 degrees: for January, the coldest, 31.9 de- 
grees. The highest temperature recorded was at Alamogordo, 105 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 385 

degrees, and San Mareial, 105 degrees; the lowest, 15 degrees below 
zero, at Lima, Socorro County. The highest mean annual temper- 
ature was at Carlsbad, 64.9 degrees; the lowest at Luna, 47.9 degrees. 
The greatest range in temperature was at Luna, 109 degrees; the 
least range at Cloudcroft, 81 degrees. The annual precipitation 
was 14.41 inches. The least monthly precipitation was in April, 
0.15 of an inch, and the greatest in September, 4.34 inches. The 
lowest annual precipitation recorded was at Fruitland, 3.33 inches ; 
the greatest at Arabela, 26.24 inches. The snowfall averaged 12.3 
inches. The relative humidity was 50 per cent at Las Vegas, 46 
per cent at Santa Fe, and 33 per cent at Mesilla Park. The num- 
ber of cloudy days was 43 ; partly cloudy days, 96 ; clear days, 
227. At Santa Fe there was 80 per cent of possible sunshine; the 
highest, 93 per cent in January ; the lowest, 69 per cent in August. 
The wind averaged 7.4 miles per hour at Santa Fe, with a maxi- 
mum velocity of 46 miles per hour. At Mesilla Park it averaged 
7.8 miles per hour, with a maximum velocity of 48 miles per hour. 

Public Lands. 

On July 1, 1905, there were in New Mexico, 52,095,312 acres 
of public land subject to entry under Federal land laws. Of this 
area 14,495,363 acres were unsurveyed. Forest reserves covered 6,- 
500,000 acres; Indian reservations, 3,599,447 acres; military res- 
ervations, 187,461 acres; Pueblo Inflian grants, 906,865 acres, and 
Territorial lands, 1,300,000 acres. Land entries in five fiscal years 
ending June 30, 1905, Santa Fe district, 774,670 acres, of which 
372,369 acres were homestead entries; 320,235 acres Territorial 
selections; 22,736 acres desert land entries; 20,963 lieu selections; 
16,285 coal declaratory entries; 6,710 acres land sold; 6,583 acres 
mineral entries ; 4,528 acres small holdings claims ; 3,146 acres coal 
lands sold; 1,160 acres Indian allotments. Roswell district, 1,- 
365,619 acres, of which 623,197 were homestead entries; 290,038 
desert land entries; 296,530 acres lieu selections, and 155,854 
acres Territorial selections. Clayton district, 848,608 acres, of 
which 555,818 acres were homesteads; 160,437 acres lieu selections; 
100,407 acres Territorial land selections; 31,946 acres desert land 
entries. Las Cruces district, 294,049 acres, of which 154,083 acres 
were homesteads; 13,834 desert land entries; 12,062 acres lieu se- 
lections, and 114,070 acres Territorial selections. The total num- 
ber of entries, in round figures, during those five years covered 
3,300,000 acres, of which 1,705,467 acres were homestead entries; 
690,566 acres Territorial land selections; 558,554 acres desert land 
entries and 489,992 acres lieu selections. The following is the area 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 387 

•of lands still subject to entrv July 1, 1905, according to counties: 
Socorro, 7,974,753 acres; Chaves, 4.993,088; .Grant, 3,920,494; 
Otero, 3,897,037; Eddy, 3,767,647; Union, 3,135,815; Rio Arriba, 
2,339,021; Torrance, 2,1-^8,4^3; Lincoln, 1,955,260; Dona Ana, 
1,933,637; Sierra, 1,695,628; Luna, 1,666,524; Guadalupe, 1,572,- 
578; Roosevelt, 1,532,980; San Juan, 1,481,042; Quay, 1,467,532; 
San Miguel, 1,459,724; Valencia, 1,029,489; McKinley, 885,847; 
Mora, 715,932; SaDdoval, 694,190; Taos, 619,791; Colfax, 515,- 
256; Santa Fe, 470,390, and Bernalillo, 225,195. 

Mineral Production. 

During the past one hundred years New Mexico has produced 
$27,000,000 worth of gold and $30,000,000 worth of silver. The 
annual value of the mineral production of the Territory at present 
averages $3,000,000. The producing mines of the Territory num- 
ber as follows : Coal, 30 ; gold and silver, 100 ; copper, 20 ; precious 
stones, 10; quarries, 10; zinc, 4; iron, 2; all other, 10. The num- 
ber of oflEicially surveyed mines is 995. During the past ten years 
New Mexico produced $4,855,000 worth of gold, $5,552,120 worth 
of silver, 55,646,000 pounds of copper, and 60,640,000 pounds of 
lead. During 1904 the gold production was valued at $381,930, 
the silver production at $124,103, copper at $646,382, lead at $134,- 
283; zinc, $899,589. 

Coal. 

Area of prospected coal lands, 1,500,000 acres; amount of coal 
in sight, 9,000,000,000 tons, valued at $11,000,000,000. Coal pro- 
duced during the past ten years, 12,000,000 tons, valued at $15,- 
€00,000. Coke produced during the past five years, 170,000 tons, 
valued at $500,000. Production of coal for past fiscal year, 1,672, 
406 tons; coke, 76,737 tons. 

Manufactures. 

In 1900 there were 174 manufacturing establishments, with cap- 
ital of $2,263,838, employing 2,578 people, earning $1,290,188, and 
producing $4,060,924. There were seven railroad shops, employing 
1,080 people, paying $604,195 in wages, and producing $1,069,280. 
There were twenty-seven lumber mills, employing 617 people, pay- 
ing $188,222 in wages, and producing $522,289. In 1905 there 
were 199 manufacturing establishments, employing 3,700 people, 
paying $2,416,882 in wages, and producing $5,705,880. There 
were ten railroad shops, employing 1,736 people, paying in wages 
$1,319,904, and producing $2,250,845. There were twenty-three 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 389 

lumber mills^ employing 1,210 people, earning $638,802 in wages, 
and producing $1,315,364. 

Ele\:tion Figures. 

In the Xovember, 1904, election there were cast -±3,011 votes, 
of which 22,305 were for the Kepublican candidate, 17,125 for the 
Democratic candidate, 3,419 for the Independent Republican can- 
didate, and 162 for the Socialist candidate for delegate to the 
Fifty-ninth Congress. The legislature, elected at the same time, 
consisted of 11 Republicans and 1 Democrat in the council, and 21 
Republicans and 3 Democrats in the house. 

In the November election of 1902 the total vote cast was 
38,798, of which the Republicans received 34,222 and the Demo- 
crats 14,576, twenty counties giving Republican and four Demo- 
cratic majorities. To the legislative council 13 Republicans and no 
Democrats were returned, and to the house 33 Republicans and 3 
Democrats. In the November election of 1900 there were cast 
39,414 votes, of which the Republicans received 21,557 and the 
Democrats 17,857. To the legislature were elected 9 Republicans 
and 3 Democrats in the council, and 30 Republicans and 4 Demo- 
crats in the house. 

Railroads. 

On September 1, 1905, there were 2,556.44 miles of railroad in 
the Territory, valued commercially at $90,000,000. On June 30, 
1904, there were 2,483.53 miles; June 30, 1903, there were 2,446 
miles; June 30, 1903, there were 3,363 miles; June 30, 1901, 1,981 
miles, and June 30, 1900, 1,679 miles, a total mileage built in five 
years of 878 miles, and in a quarter of a century of 3,500 milec. 
There are under construction at present 370 miles of railroad, while 
surveys were run during the year for 800 miles more, with prom- 
ise of construction in the near future. The lines under construc- 
tion are the Eastern Railway of New Mexico from Belen to Texico, 
350 miles; the Albuquerque Eastern, from Moriarty to Albu- 
querque, 43 miles; the Hagan Coal Branch from Frost to Hagan, 
18 miles; the St. Louis, Rocl<y Mountain and Pacific, from Raton' 
to Elizabethtown, 60 miles, while the Denver & Rio G-rande Rail- 
road has just completed a line from- Durango, Colo., to Farming- 
ton, of which 30 miles are in New Mexico. Lines surveyed for 
immediate construction are the Arizona and Colorado, from Du- 
rango, Colo., to Cochise, Ariz., of which 415 miles of main line 
amd 155 miles of branch lines will be in New Mexico; the St. Louis. 
Rockv Mountain and Pacific, from Folsom to Elizabethtown, 130 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 391 

miles, and the El Paso and Southwestern, from Dawson to Santa 
Rosa, 160 miles. 

The present mileage of the Territory is divided among the dif- 
ferent systems as follows: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Sys- 
tem, 1,115.88 miles, of which the main line has 539.24 miles; 
Pecos Valley & ISTortheastern, 320.7 miles; Coast Line, 166.6 miles; 
branch lines, 121 miles; American Lumber Company, 29 miles; 
Eastern Eailway of New Mexico, 20.7 miles, and the Las Vegas 
Hot Springs line (leased), 8.64 miles. The El Paso and South- 
western, 636.29 miles, of which 163.4 miles are the main line, 31.49 
miles the Deming branch, 124.6 miles the El Paso and Northeast- 
ern, 128.2 miles the El Paso and Rock Island, 131.9 miles the 
DawsoL, 32.5 miles the Sacramento Mountain Railway, 21 miles 
the Capitan branch, and 3.2 miles the Jarilla branch. The Den- 
ver and Rio Grande, 252.81 miles, of which 38.98 miles constitute 
the Rio Grande and Santa Fe, 33.16 miles the Rio Grande and 
Southwestern, and 30 miles the Farmington branch. The Southern 
Pacific, 167.45 miles; Santa Fe Central, 115.7 miles; Chicago, 
Rock Island and Pacific, 111.55 miles; Colorado and Southerii, 
88.31 miles, and the Arizona and New Mexico, 68.5 miles, of which 
38.5 miles are t;he Lordsburg and Hachita Railway. 

Stock. 

New Mexico has 1,050,000 cattle, 5,875,000 sheep, 150,000 goats 
and 100,000 horses. The wool clip averages 25,000,000 pounds 
annually. There are shipped out of the Territory annually 200,- 
000 cattle, 25,000 horses, 70,000 hides and 2,000,000 sheep. In 
the item of sheep. Angora and common goats are included. 

Internal Revenue. 

During the past five years New Mexico has paid $197,718 in- 
ternal revenue. During the year ending June 30, 1905, there was 
paid $34,170; the fiscal year previous, $33,172; the year previous, 
$33,918; for the year ending June 30, 1902, $37,847; for the year 
ending June 30, 1901, $58,609. 

Public Institutions. 

The Territory maintains 15 public buildings and instdtutions, 
as follows : At Santa Fe — Capitol, Penitentiary, Institute for the 
Deaf and Dumb, and Old Palace. At Las Vegas — Insane Asylum, 
Normal University. Albuquerque — University of New Mexico. 
Raton — ^liners' Hospital. Mesilla Park — Agricultural College 
and Experiment Station. Belen — Orphans' Home. Alamogofdo — 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 393 

Asylum for the Blind. Silver City — jSTormal School. Socorro— 
School of Mines. Eoswell — Military Institute. El Eito— ^Reform 
School. In addition, it contributes to the support of twelve hos- 
pitals, homes and semi-public societies. 

Churches. 

The Eoman Catholic population is 133,000. It has 44 churches 
with resident priests; 43 priests on duty (secular) ; 20 priests o^n 
duty identified with religious orders; 340 missions, stations and 
chapel; 21 Christian Brothers; 8 Jesuit Fathers and 6 Francis- 
can Fathers; 124 Nuns, 3 colleges for boys; 4 academies for 
girls; 8 parochial schools; 2 boarding schools for Indians, witli 
250 inmates; 1 orphan asylum, with 75 wards; 3 hospitals, with 
1,000 inmates during the past fiscal year. 

The missionary district of ISTew Mexico of the Protestant Epis- 
copal church has 17 parishes and missions, 1 bishop, 11 clergymen, 
ministering to 1,668 individuals, of whom 1,376 are baptized and 
who contributed during the past fiscal year in excess of $10,000. 

Christian church, 10 congregations, 725 members, 4 church 
buildings, 7 ministers, 5 Sunday schools, 400 Sunday school pupils ; 
value of church property, $9,000. 

Congregational church, 5 congregations, 281 members; 6 mis- 
sion schools, 500 pupils, 14 teachers. 

Mormons, 4 settlements — Burnham, Hammond, Luna and Ea- 
mah — with subsettlements at Bluewater, Jewett and Plainfield. 
Officers and members, 637; children under 8 years, 299 ; total, 926. 
Enrollment of Sunday schools^ 594. 

Hebrews, 2 synagogues; membership, 90 families; number in 
Territory, 800. " 

Baptist congregations, 52; 1 college and 4 mission schools; mem- 
bers, 2,000. 

Lutheran congregations, 4; communicants, 210; Sunday School 
pupils, 150. 

Methodist Episcopal, 17 English churches, 19 church buildings, 
25 congregations, 1,400 members; 45 Spanish churches, member- 
ship, 2,400; buildings, 34; day mission schools, 15; colleges, 1. 
Church buildings of English church, 19; value, $68,000; regular 
pastors, 15; parsonages, 12; value, $15,000; Sunday schools, 21; 
pupils, 1,800; pupils in mission schools, 340; teachers, 22; Span- 
ish congregations, 45 ; number of charges, 40 ; pastors, 35 ; church 
buildings and chapels, 27; parsonages, 23; Sunday Schools, 53; 
pupils, 1,164; value of buildings, $71,150; value of mission school 
property. $50,000. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 395 

Presbyterians, 47. churches; ministers and helpers, 44; church 
members, 2,500; Sunday school pupils, 2,200; mission schools, 24; 
teachers^ 47; pupils, '2,400. 

Other denominations are rejjresented in the Territory, but statis- 
tics regarding their activity are not available. 

Notaries Public. 

During the year ending June 30, 1905, notaries public were ap- 
pointed to the number of 337; during the year ending June 30, 
1904, 223; the year previous, 288; in tihe fiscal year 1901-2, 205; 
the year previous, 202. 

Banks. 

On February 1, 1906, there were 26 national banks and 14 Terri- 
torial banks. The Territorial banks: Capital stock, $410,550; 
loans and discounts, $1,629,544; deposits, $2,260,969; aggregate 
resources, $2,737,900. On June 30, 1901, there were 11 National 
banks and 9 private banks; on June 30, 1802, 15 National banks 
and 11 Territorial banks; on June '30, 1903, 19 National banks 
and 10 Territorial banks; on June 30", 1904, 21 National banks 
and 10 Territorial banks. 

Educational. 

School population in 1905, 68,193 ;* in 1904, 68,400 ; in 1902, 
62,846; in 1901, 53,008. The school population includes all per- 
sons between the ages of 5 fvnd 21 years, and is taken annually. 
Enrollment in the public schools in 1905, 36,111;* in 1904, 39,704; 
in 1903, 37,646; in 1902, 35,227; in 1901, 31,510; in 1900, 21,- 
761. Average daily attendance in 1905, 17,301;* in 1904, 29,582; 
in 1903, 24,856; in 1902, 22,573; in 1901, 19,451. Public schools 
in 1905, 796; in 1904, 729; in 1903, 665; in 1902, 603; in 1901, 
599. Teachers in 1905, 859; in 1904, 852; in 1903, 757; in 1902, 
712; in 1901, 671. Expenditures in 1905, $274,506; in 1904, 
$353,012; in 1903, $454,342; in 1902, $424,365. Eeceipts from 
all sources in 1905, $500,000; in 1904, $459,308; in 1903, $454,- 
342; in 1902, $424,365. 

Average school term, four months ; average salary paid teachers, 
$56 per month ; total value of all school property in the Territory, 
$2,000,000: enrollments in all of the schools, 45,000; annual ex- 
penditures for all of the schools, $750,000 ; total expended for the 
public schools in the past five years, $2,000,000. 



*The apparent decrease was caused by a more exact method of 
enumeration. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 397 

Postoffices. 

On February 1, 1906, there were in the territory 428 postofiiees, 
159 of them money order offices and 17 Presidential offices, as fol- 
lows : Second class — Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Eoswell, 
Eaton, Alamogordo; third class — Artesia, Carlsbad, Clayton, Dem- 
ing, Gallup, Las Cruces, Portales, Santa Eosa, Silver City, So- 
corro and Tucumcari. 

— Incorporations. 

In the past five fiscal years S27 companies filed corporation pa- 
pers, with a capitalization of $525,141,066; with the Territorial 
secretary. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, 149 companies 
incorporated, with a capital stock of $89,735,925 ; in the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1902, 204 companies incorporated, with a capitali- 
zation of $119,446,500; in the year ending June 30, 1903, 200 
companies incorporated, with a capitalization of $100,529,451 ; in 
the year ending June 30, 1904, 184 companies incorporated, with 
a capitalization of $104,172,900, and in the year ending June 30, 
1905, 190 companies incorporated, with a capitalization of $111,- 
256,200. 

Assessment. 

In 1898 the assessment was $40,531,230; in 1899, $36,453,820; 
in 1900 the Territorial assessment subject to taxation was $36,- 
364,761; in 1901 the Territorial assessment was $36,977,047; in 
1902 the assessment was $38,633,993 ; in 1903 the assessment was 
$41,832,566, including exemptions amounting to $2,235,615, leav- 
ing an assessment subject to taxation of $39,596,951; in 1904 the 
assessment was $41,735,520, the exemptions amounting to $2,438,- 
281; in 1905 the assessment was $42,578,792; the exemptions, $2,- 
528,164. The value of property in New Mexico is estimated: 
Eailroads, $90,000,000; farms and buildings, $44,000,000; stock, 
$42,000,000; mines and equipments, $38,000,000; city and town 
lots and improvements, $30,000,000; business and manufacturing, 
$50,000,000; personal property, stocks and bonds, $40,000,000, a 
total of $334,000,000. 

The assessment, by classes of property for 1904 was as follows : 
Real estate, $17,321,795; railroads, $8,511,539; cattle, $5,870,824; 
sheep and goats, $2,703,644; horses and mules, $1,059,638; per- 
sonal and other property, $6,268,035. 

The assessment by classes for 1905 was as follows: Eeal estate, 
$17,918,164; railroads. $9,374,001; horses and mules, $1,027,591; 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 399 

cattle, $5,018,211; sheep and goats, $2,501,802; other property. 
$6,778,097. 

Revenues. 
During 1904 the total tax collections amounted to $1,678,267.39, 
including Territorial, county, city, school and special taxes, or 
about 4 per cent on the assessed valuation or one-half of 1 per 
cent on the estimated wealth of the Territory. At the end of the year 
there were balances in the county treasuries amounting to $542,- 
834. During the past five years the income of the Territory has 
been $2,954,929, of which $2,082,039 came direct from taxation, 
and $872,889 from other sources. During the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1905, there were collected $494,034 Territorial taxes 
and $147,890 from other sources; the year preceding, $406,316 
from direct taxation, and $307,647 from other sources; the year 
ending June 30, 1903, direct taxes, $419,622; indirect income, 
$156,788; in 1902, direct tax, $332,328; indirect, $118,005; in 
1901, direct tax, $375,738; indirect, $143,758. 

Indebtedness. 

On June 30, 1899, the indebtedness of the Territory was $1,- 
249,800; on June 30, 1902, it was $1,123,300, and the sinking 
fund was $89,246; on June 30, 1903, the indebtedness was $1,- 
098,300, and the sinking fund was $134,590; on June 30, 1904, 
the indebtedness was $1,062,000, and the sinking fund was $191,- 
965; on June 30, 1905, the indebtedness was $853,000 and the 
sinking fund was $60,164, leaving a net indebtedness of $792,- 
833, a reduction in six years of $456,964. 

The value of the grounds and buildings of the Territorial insti- 
tutions is $2,250,000 without the grants of land made to tliem by 
Congress. The value of all school property is $2,000,000, not in- 
cluding the school sectioais in each township. 
Fraternal Societies. 

Woodmen of the World — Certificates in force December 31, 1904, 
941, for $1,686,600. Losses paid during 1904, $12,850. Assess- 
ments collected during 1904, $14,598. 

Order of Maccabees — Membership, 37; death claims in 1904, 
$3,500. 

Knights of Columbus — Two lodges; membership, 200. 

Knights of Pythias— Lodges, 26; membership, 1,473; paid sick 
benefits during 1904, $2,207; cash on hand July 1, 1905, $5,122; 
value of paraphernalia and lodge supplies, $7,320.35; real estate, 
$5,223.76. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



401 



Odd Fellows — Lodges, 31; membership, 1,179; paid out for re- 
lief in 1904, $3,330; cash on hand, $4,717; real estate and per- 
sonal property, $15,755; invested funds, $6,705. 

Grand Army of the Eepnblic — Posts, 8; membership, 180; 

Woman's Relief Corps — Lodges, 3. 

Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic — 1 lodge. 

Fraternal Union of America — 1 lodge; membership, 49; insur- 
ance certificates, $73,000. . 

Ancient Free and Accepted Masons — Blue lodges, 34; member- 
ship, 1,431. 

The Red Men, Elks and other orders are strongly represented in 
the Territory, but failed to furnish statistics for inclusion in this 
summary. 




FRATERNAL SANITARIUM. 



APPENDIX. 

MINING LAWS. 
Dimension of Lode Claim. 

A lode claim may be 600 feet in width by 1,500 feet in length. 

By Section 3324, Kevised Statutes of the United States, the 
miners of each mining district may make regulations not in con- 
flict with the laws of the United States, or with the laws of the 
State or Territory in which the district is situated, governing the 
location, manner of recording and the amount of work necessary 
to hold possession of a mining claim. 

The local regulations of some of the mining districts in New 
Mexico make the lode claim 300 feet in width and 1,500 feet in 
length. 

Dimension of Placer Claim. 

A placer claim may contain twent}' acres. 

The following references are to the Compiled Laws of New 
Mexico, except where otherwise noted. 

Sec. 2286. It is necessary in locating a mining claim to dis- 
tinctly mark the boundaries of such claim and to post in some 
conspicuous place on such location a notice in writing, giving 
such a description as will identify the claim, and the names of 
the locator or locators, and his or their intention of locating said 
claim. 

A copy of said notice must be recorded in the office of the re- 
corder of the county in which said claim is located, within three 
months of the posting of such notice. No other record of said 
notice is necessary. 

Sec. 2299, (as amended by the Session Laws of 1899, Section 1, 
Chapter 57, page 111). Within 120 days of the location of any 
mining claim in this Territory, the surface boundaries of such 
claim shall be marked by four substantial posts or monuments, one 
at each corner of said claim. 

Sec. 2300. The re-location of any mining claim which is sub- 
ject to re-location, shall be made in the same way as an original 
location is required by law to be made. 

Sec. 2301. If the original location is defective in any way, or 
the requirement of law has not been complied with before filing, 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 405 

or if the owner of any mining claim shall be desirous of changing 
his surface boundaries, or of taking in any part of an overlapping 
claim which has been abandoned, such owner may file an amended 
or additional notice of location, provided such notice does not 
interfere with the rights of others. 

Sec. 2302. Any person who shall take down, remove, alter or 
destroy any stake, post, monument or notice of location' upon' any 
mining claim without the consent of the owner or owners thereof, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall 
be .punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or by 
imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by 
both such fine and imprisonment. 

Sec. 2311. Any person or persons, or the manager, officer, 
agent or employe of any person, firm, corporation or association, 
who shall in any manner alter, deface or change the location notice 
of any mining claim in this Territory, located under the laws of 
the United States or of the laws of this Territory, or any location 
regulation in force in the district wherein such claim is situated, 
thereby in any manner affecting the rights of any person, firm or 
corporation, to such claim or location, or the land covered thereby, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction 
thereof before any court of competent jurisdiction, shall be fined 
in a sum not less than one hundred dollars, nor more than five 
hundred dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail for not less 
than sixty days, nor more than one year, or by both such fine and 
imprisonment, in the discretion of the court trying the case. Noth- 
ing herein contained shall affect the rights of such locator or 
locators, to correct errors in such notices, as provided in Sec. 2301, 
and the laws of the United States: Provided, such change shall 
not affect or chalige the date of such location notice, or affect the 
right of any other person. 

Sec. 2298. The locator or locators of any mining claim shall 
within ninety days from the date of taking possession of the same, 
sink a discovery shaft, exposing mineral in place, or shall drive a 
tunnel, adit, or open cut upon such claim to a depth of at least 
ten feet below the surface. 

Sec. 2300. * * * The re-locator of a mining claim shall 
sink a discovery shaft, exposing mineral in place, or shall drive a 
tunnel, adit, or open cut upon such re-located claim to a depth of 
ten feet below the surface, or shall sink the original shaft ten feet 
deeper, or drive the original tunnel, adit, or open cut upon such 
claim ten' feet further. 

Sec. 2315. The owners of unpatented mining claims in ISTew 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 407 

Mexico shall within sixty days from and after doing the assess- 
ment work which is required by law to be done upon said claim, 
cause to be filed with the recorder of the county in which such 
mining claim is situated, an affidavit setting forth the fact that 
all work required by law has been do'rie. 

(The annual assessment work must be done each year not later 
than the 31st day of December.) — Eev. Stats. U. S. 

( On each claim, until patent is issued therefor, not less than one 
hundred dollars' worth of labor shall be performed or improve- 
ments made during each year. * * * When five hundred dol- 
lars' worth of labor has been performed, or improvements made 
on any mining claim, the owner can get a patent from the United 
States for said claim iipon compliance -wi.'i the laws governing 
the issuance of patents, and upon payment to the United States 
of five dollars an acre for the land contained in said claim.) — 
Kev. Stats. U. S. 

From the Statutes of 1905. 

Whenever the owner or lessee of any mining property in tlie 
Territory of New Mexico shall desire to operate the same and to 
prevent trespassers from entering thereon, such owner or lessees 
may post notice in English and Spanish in at least three public 
places upon said premises, warning all persons from entering upon 
said property without permission of the owner or lessee or his or 
their authorized agent or superintendent, which notices shall de- 
scribe the boundaries of said property. 

After the posting of such notices, it shall be unlawful for any 
person to enter upon said premises without such permission, and 
any person violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon- conviction^ thereof, shall be 
punished by fine not exceeding fifty dollars or imprisonment in 
the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days, or both 
such fine and imprisonment, in ihe discretion of the court: Pro- 
vided, That this section shall not apply to any person or persons 
entering said premises in good-iaith for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing whether assessment work has been done, or for the purpose of 
making a location on government land. 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 409 

MINING DISTRICTS OF NEW MEXICO. 

DISTRICT. COUNTY. 

Abbey Socorro 

Apache No. 1 Sierra 

Apache No. 2 Grant 

Alumina Grant 

Black Eange No. 1 Socorro and Sierra 

Black Eatnge No. 2 Sierra and Grant 

Bear Mountain Grant 

Burro Mountain Grant 

Black Copper Colfax and Taos 

Bullard's Peak Grant 

Bonito Lincoln 

Bromide Sierra 

Black Mountain Grant 

Bromide Rio Arriba 

Brickland Dona Ana 

Cat Mountain Socorro 

Carpenter Sierra and Grant 

Cooney Socorro 

Chloride Flat Grant 

Cerrillos Santa Fe 

Cook's Peak Luna 

Cow Springs Grant 

Copper Mountain Rio Arriba 

Copper, or Hamilton San Miguel 

Cochiti Sandoval 

Cuchillo Negro Sierra 

Clark's Peak Grant 

Central, Central City, or Hanover Grant 

Coyote Springs Bernalillo 

Dripping Spring Socorro 

Eureka Grant 

La Encarnacion Socorro 

Florida Mountain Luna 

Gold Hill Grant 

Galisteo „ . Santa Fe 

Hamilton San Miguel 

Hanson Socorro 

Headstone Rio Arriba 

Hembrillo Dona Ana 

Iron Reef Sierra 

Iron Mountain Socorro 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 411 

DISTRICT. COUNTY. 

"barilla Otero 

Jemez Sandoval 

Jiearilla Lincoln 

keystone T^^g 

Las Anmias , gierra 

Lake Valley Sierra 

Lone Mountain Grant 

Little Burro ''"' Socorro 

Limestone Sierra 

Magdalena "' Socorro 

Mimbres • q.j.^j^I- 

Mound Springs ■.■.'.■.■; Socorro 

^ogal Lij^^olj, 

New Placers Santa Fe 

Organ Mountain Dona Ana 

Oscura , Socorro 

'P^^omas Sierra 

Pmos Altos Qrant 

Py^aniid Gr^jjt 

I'^t^sburg Sierra 

P^^eblo Socorro 

^^d <^lo^^d : Lincoln 

^edHill Socorro 

Kio Hondo Taos 

Eed Eiver rp^^g 

^osedale WV Socorro 

San Andreas Socorro 

Silver Flat, or Chloride Flat Grant 

Santa Eita, or Hanover Grant 

San Simon '.'Grant 

Steeple Eock Grant 

Stonewall L^.^a 

^';^nclia Bernalillo 

Silver Mountain Socorro 

Tres Hermanas ; Luna 

Tres Piedras ." Taos and Rio Arriba 

"Virginia Grant 

"^^ictorio Luna 

White Oaks ^ Lincoln 

White Mountain Lincoln 

White Signal ' . .Grant 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 413 

FOREST RESERVES OF NEW MEXICO. 

Pecos Eiver Forest Reserve, 431,040 acres — Taos, Eio Arriba, Mora, 

San Miguel and Santa Fe Counties. 
Gila Eiver Forest Eeserve, 3.1784,274.51 acres — Grant, Sierra and 

Socorro Counties. 
Lincoln Forest Eeserve, 500,000 acres — Otero and Lincoln Counties. 
Jemez Forest Eeserve, 500,000 acres — Sandoval and Eio Arriba 

Counties. 
San Mateo Forest Eeserve, 460,000 acres — Socorro County. 
Magdalena Forest Eeserve, 186,000 acres — Socorro County. 

INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF NEW MEXICO. 

COUNTY. 

Southern Ute, 107,314 acres, San Juan 

Navaho, 2,345,492 acres San Juan and MeKinley 

Jicarilla Apache, 404,788 acres Eio Arriba 

Zuni, exclusive of Zuni Pueblo, 238,036 acres. .MeKinley, Valencia 

Mescalero Apache, 449,280 acres Otero 

San Felipe, 13,817 acres Sandoval 

Jicarilla Indian School, 40 acres Eio Arriba 

Nambe, 7,680 acres Santa Fe 

Santa Clara, 33,000 acres Santa Fe and Eio Arriba 

San Felipe, 12,500 acres Sandoval 

PUEBLO INDIAN GRANTS IN NEW MEXICO. 

COUNTY. 

Jemez, 17,510 acres Sandoval 

Acoma, 95,792 acres Valencia 

San Juan, 17,545 acres Eio Arriba 

Picuris, 17,461 acres Taos 

San Felipe, 34,767 acres Sandoval 

Pecos, 18,763 Santa Fe and San Miguel 

Cochiti, 24,276 acres Sandoval 

Santo Domingo, 74,743 acres Sandoval 

Taos, 17,361 acres Taos 

Santa Clara, 17,369 acres Santa Fe and Eio Arriba 

Tesuque, 17,471 acres Santa Fe 

San Ildefonso, 17,239 acres Santa Fe 

Pojoaque, 13,520 acres Santa Fe 

Zia, 17,515 acres Sandoval 

Sandia, 24,187 acres Sandoval 

Isleta, 110,080 acres Bernalillo 

Nambe, 13,586 acres Santa Fe 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 415 

COUNTY. 

Laguna, 125,325 acres A^alencia 

Santa Ana, 17,361 acres. Sandoval 

Zuni; 215,040 acres McKinley 

PRIVATE LAND CLAIMS IN NEW MEXICO. 
BERNALILLO COUNTY. 

AREA — ACRES 

Town of Chilili 27,800.00 

Canon de Carnue 2,000.59 

Canada de los Apaches 40,000.00 

Canada de los Alamos 200.00 

Town of Atrisco 82,728.72 

Town of Albuquerque 12,110.00 

Elena Gallegos 35,084.78 

Pajarito 28,724.22 

El Ranchito 4,945.24 

San Pedro 10,000.00 

Town of Alameda 25,600.00 

Antonio Gutierres and Joaquin Sedillo 1,800.00 

Lo de Padilla 2,500.00 

Bernabe M. Montano . . . ". 14,070.66 

COLFAX COUNTY. 

Beaubien & Miranda 1,470,000.00 

DONA ANA COUNT i. 

Jose Manuel S. Baca 3,530.60 

Brazito 18,859.48 

Mesilla Civil Colonv 21,628.51 

Santa Teresa 8,478.51 

Refugio Colony 11,524.30 

Dona Ana Bend Colony 35,399.01 

Santo Tomas de Yturbide Colony 9,622.34 

GUADALUPE COUNTY. 

Hacienda del Agua Negra 4,447.03 

Perea, or Los Esteros 17,712.00 

Anton Chico 268,537.50 

Preston Beck, Jr 195,840.00 

McKINLEY COUNTY. 

Bartolome de Fernandez 25,424.28 

Felipe Tafoya 4,340.28 

San Mateo Springs 2,590.27 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 417 

AREA ACRES. 

Ignacio Chavez 23,629.41 

Ceboletta 48,000.00 

MORA COUNTY. 

John Scollv 21,701.40 

Town of MTora 82^,621.10 

RIO ARRIBA COUNTY. 

Tieira AmariHa 524,515.94 

Sebastian Martin 47,637.80 

Town of Chamita 1,636.29 

Las Trampas 14,065.83 

Canon de Chama , 1,422.62 

Plaza Blanco 8,955,11 

Plaza Colorado 7,577.92 

Polvadera 35,761.14 

Juan Bautista Valdez 1,468.57 

Piedra Lumbre 49,747.89 

Ojo Caliente 1,604.98 

Petaca 1,392.10 

Las Truchas 8,253.74 

Juan Jose Lobato 205,615.72 

Town of Abiquiu 16,708.16 

Antonio de Abeytia 721.42 

Black Mesa ,• 19,171.35 

Nuestra Senora de Eosario, Sail Fernando y Santiago. 14,786.58 

Bartolome Sanchez 4,469.82 

SANDOVAL COUNTY. 

Town of Tejon 12,801.46 

Baca Location No 1 99,289.39 

Ojo del Espiritu Santo 113,141.15 

Town of San Ysidro 11,476.68 

Canon de San Diego 116,286.89 

San Antonio de las Uertas 4,763.85 

San Fernando and San Blaz 44,070.66 

Canada de Cochiti • • 19,112.78 

Ojo de Borrego 16,079.80 

Pena Blanca 585.66 

Town of Alameda 63,746.00 

Town of Bernalillo, or Felipe Gutierres 3,404.67 

Angostura 1,579.48 

Isnacio Chaves 23,629.30 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 419 

AREA — ACRES 

M. and S. Montoya 2,967.57 

Nuestra Senora de la Luz 47,196.49 

Agua Salada 10,693.98 

Ojo de San Jose 4,336.91 

Santa Rosa de Cubero 1,945.50 

Pedro Sanchez 16,300.00 

San Pedro 13,914.76 

Cebolleta 28,000.00 

Caja de Eio 25,000.00 

Canada.de los Alamos 200.00 

La Majada 32,404.10 

Bernabe M. Montano 30,000.00 

SAN MIGUEL COUNTY. 

Preston Beck, Jr 122,859.72 

Baca Location ¥o 2 99,289.39 

Town of Tecolote 21,636.83 

Los Trig-OS 7,342.06 

Town of Las Vegas 431,653.65 

Pablo Montoya 655,468.07 

Gallinas. or Antonio Ortiz 163,921.68 

Anton Chico 110,000.00 

San Miguel del Bado 5,147.73 

Canon de Pecos : . 1,070.00 

John Scolly 15,201.40 

Town of Mora 52,000.00 

SANTA FE COUNTY. 

San Cristobal 81,032.67 

Lady of Light : 16,546.85 

Ortiz Mine 69,458.33 

Pedro Sanches 15,502.92 

San Pedro 7,680.00 

Santiago Ramirez 272.16 

Yicente Duran de Armij o 57.18 

Canon del Agua 341.04 

Cienegnilla 3,202.79 

Los Cerrillos 1,478.81 

Caja del Rio 41,848.78 

Town of Galisteo 160.79 

Cuyamnngue 604.27 

Mesita de Juana Lopez 42,022.85 

Jnan de Gabaldon 8,149.00 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 421 

AREA ACKES. 

Alamitos 397.55 

San Marcos Pueblo 1,895.44 

Salvador Gonzales 200.82 

Talaya Hill 319.20 

Town of Jacona •. 6,952.84 

Sebastian de Vargas 13,434.36 

Pacheco 581.29 

La Majada 22,000.00 

Sitio de los Cerrillos 512.40 

Sitio de Juana Lopez 1,085.53 

Santa Cruz 3,067.60 

Santo Domingo de Cundiyo 2,037.08 

SIERRA COUNTY. 

Pedro Armendariz 257,344.51 

SOCORRO COUNTY. 

Pedro Armendariz 95,030.67 

Bosque del Apache 60,117.37 

Town of Sevilleta 261,189.90 

Town of Socorro 17,371.18 

Pedro Armendariz 95,160.00 

Casa Colorado 72,779.37 

Town of Belen 121,663.75 

TAOS COUNTY. 

Sangre de Cristo 228,663.23 

Rancho del Eio Grande 91,813.15 

Arroyo Hondo 20,639.28 

Cristobal de la Serna 22,232.57 

Gijosa 16,365.45 

Lucero de Godoi 61,605.48 

Don Fernando de Taos 1,817.48 

Santa Barbara ■ 30,638.28 

Las Trampas 14,065.83 

Sebastian Martin 3,750.00 

Ojo Caliente 640.00 

TORRANCE COUNTY. 

Town of El Torreon 14,146.11 

Town of Manzano 8,689.74 

Town of Tajique 7,185.55 

Town of Chilili 13,687.00 

La Salina, or Salt Lake 640.00 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



423 



AREA ACRES. 

VALENCIA COUNTY. 

San Clemente 37,099.29 

Town of Cubero 16,490.94 

Casa Colorado . , , 59,000.00 

Town of Tome 121,594.53 

Town of Belen 73,000.00 

Town of Cobolleta 123,567.92 

Canada de los Apaches 46,249.09 

San Mateo Springs 1,750.00 

Antonio Giitierres nnd Joaquin Sedillo •. 18,254.14 

Lo de Padilla 49,440.82 

Nicolas Diiran de Chaves 46,244.94 




THE TOOTH OF TIME. 



INDEX. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

Capitol at Santa Fe Frontispiece. 

View from the Capitol at Santa Fe 6 

Sunshine Orchard, Espanola Valley 8 

Cowles, Mining Camp 10 

Communal Buildings, Pajarito Park 12 

Scenic Highway 14 

Residence of J. J. Hagerman, Roswell 16 

Nambe Falls 18 

Colfax County Homestead 20 

Espiritu Santo Lake 22 

White Mountains 24 

Geological Section of New Mexico 26 

Apache Canon, Geological Section 28 

Glen-Woody, Geological Section 30 

Moreno Valley, Geological Section 32 

City of Rocks 34 

Monument Rock 36 

The Upper Pecos 38 

The Black River 40 

Irrigation Canal 42 

Lake Avalon Spillway 44 

A Reservoir at Santa Fe 46 

Cement Flume near Carlsbad 48 

Largest Artesian Well in the Pecos Valley : 50 

Artesian Well near Artesia 52 

Gilmour Ranch 54 

Lake in Quay County 56 

Gila Valley 58 

Webster Ranch ". 60 

Artesian Well at Roswell 62 

Reservoir at Santa Fe 64 

San Juan County Ranch 66 

Indian Pueblo in Rio Grande Valley 68 

Pecos Valley near Roswell '. 70 

Tesuque Valley 72 

Hog Ranch 74 

Ojo Caliente Valley 76 

Black Mesa 78 

Santa Fe Orchards 80 

Hagerman Orchard 82 

Orchard Scenes at Santa Fe '. 84 

San Juan County Orchard 86 

Orchard at Santa Fe 88 

Apiary in Gila Valley CO 











SAN MIGUEL'S CHURCH AT SANTA FE. 



THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 427 

Page. 

Bolle's Ranch 92 

Mountain Cattle Range , 94 

Santa Rita 96 

Hagan Coal Mine 98 

Fierro Iron Mine 100 

Stephenson-Bennet Mine 102 

Gem Turquoise Mine 104 

Salt Lake at Bstancia 106 

Ancho Cement Plant 108 

Penitentiary Brick Plant 110 

Cerrillos Smelter 112 

Lumber Mill at Albuquerque 114 

Logging Train at Cloudcrof t 116 

Santo Domingo 118 

New Mexico Penitentiary 120 

Cimarron Canon 122 

Court House at Santa Fe 124 

New Mexico Military Institute ....". 126 

Enchanted Mesa 128 

Guadalupe Church at Santa Fe 130 

Coal Mine at Gallup 132 

Oldest House in the United States 134 

High School at Albuquerque 136 

Protestant Churches at Santa Fe 138 

The Scenic Highway 140 

Cave Dwellings west of Samta Fe 142 

Perry's Ranch • • • • 144 

Hadley Climatological Laboratory 146 

Sanitarium at Silver City 148 

St. "Vincent's Sanitarium and Orphans' Home 150 

Fort Bayard 152 

St. Vincent's Hospital at Santa Fe 154 

Hospital at Silver City 156 

St. Vincent's Sanitarium at Las Vegas 158 

Sunmount Tent City at Santa Fe. . 160 

Cloudcrof t 162 

Ojo Caliente Hot Springs 164 

Wamsley's Hot Springs 166 

Salt Springs near Estancia 168 

Coyote Springs 1'70 

Whitcomb Springs 172 

Fay wood Hot Springs 174 

Trout Springs 176 

Pajarito Cliff Dwellers 178 

Battlefield of Glorieta 180 

Chaco Canon Cave Dwellings 182 

Ruins of Pecos Church 184 

A Field of Wild Cosmos 186 

Near Cloudcroft 187 

Bernalillo County Court House 188 

St. Joseph's Sanitarium ; 190 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 429 

Page. 

Cathedral at Old Albuquerque 192 

Birdseye View of Albuquerque 194 

Public School House at Albuquerque 196 

Street Scene in Albuquerque 198 

Cadets of New Mexico Military School 200 

Birdseye View of Roswell 202 

Public School at Roswell 204 

Bartlett Ranch in Colfax County 206 

Moreno Gold Dredge 208 

Santa Fe Depot at Raton 210 

Court House at Raton 212 

Public School at Raton 214 

New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 216 

Court House at Las Cruces 218 

Science Hall at Mesilla Park 220 

Avenue at Mesilla Park 222 

Girls' Dormitory at Mesilla Park 224 

Eddy County Court House 226 

Carlsbad 228 

Grant County Court House 230 

Shamrock Smelter at Pinos Altos 232 

Old Adobe Furnace at Hanover 234 

Old Spanish Prison at Santa Rita 236 

Birdseye View of Silver City 238 

Fort Bayard 240 

Sumner Ranch 242 

Santa Rosa Public School 244 

View of White Oaks 246 

Scenes in Lincoln County 248 

Dredge at Jicarilla 250 

White Oaks Residences 252 

Capitan Public School 254 

Deming Public School 256 

Bank Building at Deining 258 

Gallup Public School 260 

Zuni Pueblo 262 

Main Street, Gallup 264 

Mora Valley 'Scenes 266 

Mora County Court House 268 

Mora Street Scenes 270 

Asylum for Blind at Alamogordo 272 

Birdseye View of Alamogordo . 274 

Plaza at Alamogordo 276 

Otero County Court House 278 

Public School at Tucumcari 280 

Reservoir on Sunstiine Ranch 282 

Pueblo of San Juan 284 

Pajarito Cliff Dwellers' Park 286 

Brazos Canon 288 

Court House at Portales 290 

Sheep in Southeastern New Mexico 292 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. ' 431 

• Page. 

Scenes near Por tales 294 

Roosevelt County Scenes ..'..: • • • -296 

Pajarito Canon • • • ■ 29S 

Pueblo of San Felipe 300 

White Rock Canon 302 

Court House at Aztec 304 

Branding Cattle 306 

San Juan County Scenes 308 

San Miguel County Court House 310 

Residences at Las Vegas 312 

New Mexico Normal University at Las Vegas -314 

Public School at Las Vegas 316 

C-lorieta Pass 318 

High School Building at Santa Fe ' • 320 

Cathedral at Santa Fe 322 

Hotels at Santa Fe . . .• . 324 

Saint Michael's College . •;• -v- ■ • ^^^ 

United States Indian Industrial School at Santa Fe ...;". 328 

Presbyterian Mission at Santa Fe 330 

Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at ^^anta Fe 332 

St. Catherine's Indian School at Santa Fe 334 

Residences at Santa Fe .336 

Goats in Sierra County 338 

Log Cabin Mine in Sierra County 340 

Scenes near Hillsboro 342 

Lake in American Valley 344 

Tomb of J. C. Cooney 346 

Mill at Mogollon 346 

Public School Building at Socorro , - 348 

New Mexico School of Mines 350 

Socorro Mountain 352 

Scenes in Socorro 352 

Smelting Works at Magdalena (Insert) '. 352 

Mount Magdalena (Insert) , 352 

Smelter at Cerrillos (Insert) 352 

Hydraulic Mining in Colfax County (Insert) 352 

Pueblo of Taos 354 

On the Upper Pecos . ., 356 

Cabresto Lake 358 

Scenes at Antelope Springs 360 

Estancia Springs 362 

Hotel and Store at Torrance 362 

Ruins of the Gran Quivira 364 

High Grade Herefords 366 

Scenes at Clayton . 368 

Church and Mausoleum at Belen 370 

Territorial Orphans' Asylum at Belen 372 

Belen Roller Mill 374 

View of Belen 376 

Salt Lake in Western New Mexico. 378 

The Territorial Miners' Hospital at Raton 380 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 433 

Page. 

A Farm Scene near Roswell 382 

Santa Fe Residences 384 

Residences at Albuquerque 386 

Residences at Santa Fe 388 

Hog Ranch near Roswell 390 

Territorial Insane Asylum at Las Vegas 392 

University of New Mexico at Albuquerque .394 

Field of Corn in Pecos Valley 396 

Residences! at Santa Fe 398 

Business Blocks at Albuquerque 400 

Fraternal Sanitarium 401 

Pueblo Indian Dances 402 

The Alvarado and Santa Fe Depot at Albuquerque 404 

National Cemetery at Santa Fe 406 

Sheep in Corral 408 

A Rosiwell Orchard 410 

The Organ Mountains 412 

Pueblo of San Ildefonso 414 

Camping on the Pecos 416 

Pueblo of Nambe 418 

Academy of Lourdes at Silver City 420 

Pueblo of Laguna 422 

The Tooth of Time 423 

Orchard near Santa Rosa 424 

San Miguel Church, at Santa Fe 426 

Pueblo of Jemez • 428 

Old Palace at Santa Fe 430 

Game in New Mexico 432 

Mining in Rio Arriba County -. . . . 434 

Bridge at Santa Fe 436 

Weeping Willow at Bernalillo 438 

Pueblo of Sandia 440 

Loretto Academy at Santa Fe 442 

Pueblo of Cochiti 444 

The Plaza at Santa Fe 446 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 435 

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Preface 5 

PART I. 

A Land of Opportunities 7 

PART n. 

A Lesson in Geography 17 

Location and Area 19 

History 19 

Population 19 

Physical Features 23 

Geology 27 

River Systems , 35 

Irrigation 39 

Lands of New Mexico 49 

The Campbell Method 53 

PART HI. 

Industries 57 

Agriculture 57 

Farm Statisitics 57 

Agricultural Possibilities 59 

Alfalfa 65 

Forage Crops 67 

Wheat 69 

Com 69 

Potatoes 69 

"Vegetables 71 

Sugar Beets 73 

Tobacco 77 

Cotton 77 

Canaigfe . . 79 

Rubber Plant , 79 

Horticulture 79 

Orchard Crop': 85 

Floriculture 89 

Hot Houp^s 89 

Apiarie^ '91 

Poult/y 91 

Daj L ying 91 

S Lock Industry 93 

Cattle '. 93 

Sheep 93 

Goats 95 

Horses 95 

Mules 95 

Asses : 95 

Burros •. 95 

Hogs 95 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 437 

Page. 

Mining 95 

Coal 97 

Zmc 99 

Copper 101 

Iron 101 

Gold : 101 

Silver 103 

Lead 103 

' Mica 103 

Sulphur 105 

Alum 105 

Precious Stones 105 

Petroleum 107 

Graphite 107 

Salt 107 

Cemenit 109 

Gypsum 109 

Lime 109 

Clay ; .... 109 

Building Stone Ill 

Lithographic Stone Ill 

Pumice Stone Ill 

Ochre Ill 

Guano 113 

Manufactures 113 

Lumber 115 

Railroads 115 

How to Obtain Public Land 121 

Homestead Law Requirements 123 

Expired Entries 125 

Contests 127 

Land Office Fees 129 

Desert Land 129 

Coal Lands 131 

Coal Land Entries 131 

Script Entries 131 

Oil Lands 133 

Repayments 133 

Leave of Absence 133 

Relinquishment 135 

Lost Receipts 135 

Territorial Lands 135 

Citizenship 135 

Settlers on Unsurveyed Lands 137 

Reservoirs and Ditches 137 

Forest Fires 141 

Railroad Lands 141 

United States Land Offices 141 

Jurisdiction of Land Offices 143 

How to Reach Land Offices 143 

Maps and Townsite Plats 143 










'^^^^. 




i^ltei;'4^?-*«»#K,^~ "x* -^,j 







THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 439 

Page. 

Forest Reserves 145 

The Indians ... 145 

PART IV. 

Climate 155 

Mineral and Hot Springs 165 

Prehistoric Ruins 1'79 

Scenic Attractions • • • 185 

PART V. I 

Counties, Cities and Towns 189 

Bernalillo County 189 

Albuquerque 1^^ 

Chaves County ^^^ 



Roswell 



.203 



.xc. ....X.... 203 

OAT 

Dexter " 



Springer ^^^ 

917 

Dawson ^^' 

Dona Ana County 217 



Las Cruces 



.221 



Eddy County -. 225 

Carlsbad • • • 229 



Artesia 
Dayton 
Lakewood 



,231 
.231 
.231 



Grant County 231 

Silver City 239 

Lordsburg 241 

Guadalupe County 243 

Santa Rosa ^ 245 

Lincoln County 247 

Lincoln 251 

Capitan 251 

White Oaks 253 

Luna County 255 

Deming 257 

McKinley County 261 

Gallup 263 

Mora County 267 

Mora 271 

Wagon Mound 271 

Roy 271 

Watrous ._. . .^.. 273 

Otero County . ...... .~T:TV. 273 

Alamogordo 275 

Tularosa ' 277 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 441 

Page. 

Cloudcrof t 279 

Quay County 279 

Tucumcari 281 

Rio Arriba County 283 

Tierra Amarilla 287 

Chama 289 

Abiquiu 289 

El Rito ." 289 

Espanola 289 

Chamita 289 

Roosevelt County 291 

Portales 295 

Elida 297 

Texico 297 

Bethel 297 

FJoyd 299 

Sandoval County 299 

Bernalillo 303 

Thornton 305 

Jemez 305 

San Juan County 305 

Farmington 309 

Aztec 309 

Largo 309 

Blanco 309 

Fruitland 311 

San Miguel County 311 

Las Vegas 313 

San Miguel 317 

Pecos 319 

Rociado 319 

Santa Fe County 319 

Santa Fe 329 

Sierra County 337 

Hillsboro 343 

Lake Valley 343 

Socorro County 343 

San M9 rcial , 35I 

Carthage 353 

Taos County 353 

Fernandez de Taos 357 

Red River 359 

Tres Piedras 359 

Embudo 359 

Questa 359 

Cerro 359 

Torrance County 361 

Estancia 3g3 

Moriarty 3g3 

Willard 363 

Torrance .....'.'.'.'..'. .365 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 443 

Page. 

Union County 365 

Clayton 369 

Folsom 371 

Valencia County 371 

Belen 377 

Los Lunas 377 

San Rafael 379 

•Peralta 379 

Kettner 379 

Seboyeta 379 

PART VI. ^ 

Statistics 381 

Area 381 

Population 381 

Farm and Farm Products 383 

Climate 383 

Public Lands 385 

Mineral Production 387 

Coal 387 

Manufactures 387 

Election Figures 389 

Railroads 389 

Stock 391 

Internal Revenue 391 

Public Institutions 391 

Churches 393 

Notaries Public 395 

Banks 395 

Educational 395 

Postoffices 397 

Incorporations 397 

Assessment 397 

Revenues 399 

Indebtedness 399 

Fraternal Societies 399 



THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 



445 



APPENDIX. 

Page. 

Mining Laws 403 

Mining Districts 409 

Forest Reserves 413 

Indian Reservations '. 413 

Pueblo Grants 413 

Private Land Claims 415 

List of Illustrations 425 




ON THE RIO BONITO LINCOLN COUNTY. 
















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